Wet electrolytic capacitor for an implantable medical device
A wet electrolytic capacitor that contains a cathode, fluidic working electrolyte, and anode that includes a sintered porous pellet is provided. A dielectric layer is also formed on a surface of the pellet and within its pores through anodic oxidation. The present inventors have discovered that through selective control over the anodic oxidation process, a substantially amorphous, low crystalline dielectric layer can be formed which, among other things, exhibits a leakage current that is smaller than previously thought possible for the high voltage capacitors employed in implantable medical devices.
1. A wet electrolytic capacitor comprising:
an anode that comprises a pellet formed from a pressed and sintered tantalum powder, the tantalum powder comprising primary particles having a median size (D50) of about 5 nm to about 250 nm, wherein a tantalum pentoxide dielectric layer is formed on the pellet that has no more than about 1,000 crystals per square millimeter or less;
a cathode that comprises a metal substrate coated with a conductive coating; and
a fluidic working electrolyte in communication with the anode and the cathode.
2. The capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the anode has a thickness of about 5 millimeters or less.
3. The capacitor of claim 1 , wherein a leadwire extends from the anode.
4. The capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the anode has a D-shape.
5. The capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the metal substrate includes titanium or stainless steel.
6. The capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the conductive coating includes a substituted polythiophene.
7. The capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte has a pH of from about 5.0 to about 7.5.
8. The capacitor of claim 1 , wherein a separator is positioned between the anode and cathode.
9. The capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the capacitor contains a casing that contains a first casing member and a second casing member between which the anode and the fluid working electrolyte are disposed, wherein the metal substrate forms at least a portion of the first casing member, the second casing member, or both.
10. The capacitor of claim 9 , wherein the first casing member contains a face wall and a surrounding sidewall that extends to an edge, and further wherein the second casing member is in the form of a lid that is sealed to the edge of the sidewall.
11. An implantable medical device comprising the capacitor of claim 1 .
12. A method for forming a wet electrolytic capacitor, the method comprising forming an anode that comprises a pellet formed from a pressed and sintered tantalum powder, the tantalum powder comprising primary particles having a median size (D50) of about 5 nm to 250 nm, wherein a tantalum pentoxide dielectric layer is formed on the pellet that has no more than about 1,000 crystals per square millimeter or less by subjecting the sintered anode pellet to a formation profile, wherein the formation profile includes subjecting the pellet to an increasing current so that a target forming voltage is achieved in about 30 minutes or less, and positioning the anode and a fluidic working electrolyte within a casing,
wherein the wet electrolytic capacitor further comprises a cathode that comprises a metal substrate coated with a conductive coating; and a fluidic working electrolyte in communication with the anode and the cathode.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the current is increased to a peak current, which is reached in about 30 minutes or less.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the peak current ranges from about 1,000 to about 6,000 milliamps.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the target forming voltage ranges from about 100 to about 500 volts.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the formation profile further includes decreasing the current after the formation voltage is achieved.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the current is decreased at a non-linear rate.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the target forming voltage is held at a relatively constant level as the current is decreased.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the target forming voltage is held relatively constant for a period of time ranging from about 20 minutes to about 300 minutes.