System and method for fuel cell stack temperature control
Various embodiments of the present disclosure provide a fuel cell system configured to modulate the flow of oxidant through the fuel cell system to maintain a desired temperature at the fuel cell stack. The fuel cell system is configured to control the flow of oxidant to maintain the desired temperature in the fuel cell stack based on temperature measurements of fluid outside of the fuel cell stack.
1. A method of operating a fuel cell system comprising a fuel cell stack comprising multiple fuel cells each comprising an anode and a cathode, the method comprising:
providing, by an oxidant flow control device and at a substantially constant oxidant mass flow rate, an oxidant to the cathodes;
sensing, by a temperature sensor, a temperature of the oxidant upstream of the fuel cell stack and sending, by the temperature sensor, a signal representing the sensed temperature to a controller;
controlling, by the controller and based on the sensed temperature, an amount of heat an oxidant heater provides to the oxidant to heat the oxidant by controlling a mass flow rate of an auxiliary fuel output by an auxiliary fuel flow control device to the oxidant heater;
determining, by the controller, a difference between the sensed temperature and a temperature set point and controlling, by the controller, the mass flow rate of the auxiliary fuel provided by the auxiliary fuel flow control device to the oxidant heater to reduce the difference between the sensed temperature and the temperature set point; and
providing, by a fuel flow control device and at a fuel mass flow rate, a fuel to the anodes,
wherein, upon initial startup of the fuel cell system from a shut-down mode to a standby mode, the controller provides an auxiliary fuel flow control device set point (AFFCD SP ) to the auxiliary fuel flow control device to control the auxiliary fuel flow control device to increase the mass flow rate of the auxiliary fuel to the oxidant heater over time to enable controlled heating of the fuel cell stack to the operating temperature.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising providing, by the fuel cell stack, an electrical current to an electrical load.
3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising controlling, by the controller, the provision of the electrical current to the electrical load based on an electrical current set point.
4. The method of claim 3 , further comprising controlling, by the controller, the fuel flow control device to provide the fuel to the anodes.
5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising determining, by the controller, the fuel mass flow rate based on the electrical current set point and controlling, by the controller, the fuel flow control device to provide the fuel to the anodes at the determined fuel mass flow rate.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein a first electrical current set point corresponds to a first fuel mass flow rate and a second electrical current set point that is greater than the first electrical current set point corresponds to a second fuel mass flow rate that is greater than the first fuel mass flow rate.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising controlling, by the controller, the oxidant flow control device to provide the oxidant to the cathodes and controlling, by the controller, the fuel flow control device to provide the fuel to the anodes.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining the difference between the sensed temperature and the temperature set point comprises determining, by a proportionalintegral-derivative (PID) module of the controller, the difference between the sensed temperature and the temperature set point.
9. A fuel cell system comprising:
a fuel cell stack comprising multiple fuel cells each comprising an anode and a cathode;
an oxidant flow control device in fluid communication with the cathodes and configured to provide an oxidant at an oxidant mass flow rate to the cathodes;
a fuel flow control device in fluid communication with the anodes and configured to provide a fuel at a fuel mass flow rate to the anodes;
a temperature sensor configured to sense a temperature of the oxidant upstream of the fuel cell stack;
an oxidant heater configured to heat the oxidant upstream of the fuel cell stack;
an auxiliary fuel flow control device in fluid communication with the oxidant heater and configured to provide an auxiliary fuel at an auxiliary fuel mass flow rate to the oxidant heater; and
a controller configured to:
control the oxidant flow control device to provide the oxidant to the cathodes such that the oxidant mass flow rate is substantially constant;
control, based on the sensed temperature, an amount of heat the oxidant heater provides to the oxidant to heat the oxidant;
control the fuel flow control device to provide the fuel to the anodes;
control the amount of heat the oxidant heater provides to the oxidant to heat the oxidant by controlling the auxiliary fuel mass flow rate; and
determine a difference between the sensed temperature and a temperature set point and control the auxiliary fuel mass flow rate to reduce the difference between the sensed temperature and the temperature set point,
provide, upon initial startup of the fuel cell system from a shut-down mode to a standby mode, an auxiliary fuel flow control device set point (AFFCD SP ) to the auxiliary fuel flow control device to control the auxiliary fuel flow control device to increase the mass flow rate of the auxiliary fuel to the oxidant heater over time to enable controlled heating of the fuel cell stack to the operating temperature.
10. The fuel cell system of claim 9 , wherein the fuel cell stack is electrically connectable to an electrical load and configured to provide an electrical current to the electrical load.
11. The fuel cell system of claim 10 , wherein the controller is further configured to control the provision of the electrical current to the electrical load based on an electrical current set point.
12. The fuel cell system of claim 11 , wherein the controller is further configured to determine the fuel mass flow rate based on the electrical current set point and to control the fuel flow control device to provide the fuel to the anodes at the determined fuel mass flow rate.
13. The fuel cell system of claim 12 , wherein a first electrical current set point corresponds to a first fuel mass flow rate and a second electrical current set point that is greater than the first electrical current set point corresponds to a second fuel mass flow rate that is greater than the first fuel mass flow rate.
14. The fuel cell system of claim 9 , wherein a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) module of the controller is configured to determine the difference between the sensed temperature and the temperature set point.