Bio-stable cannabinoid compounds and methods for enhancing their physiological concentration
The present disclosure provides biostable cannabinoid compounds according to Formula I: and methods for synthesizing and enhancing the biological concentrations of the compounds, where R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are defined as set forth in the disclosure.
1. A compound according to Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof:
wherein
R 1 is —H, —COOR 4 , or —(CH 2 ) n COOH;
R 2 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and heptyl;
R 3 is selected from the group consisting of (C 1 -C 10 )halo alkyl, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl-(C 1 -C 10 )alkylene, —CH 2 —CH 2 —[O—CH 2 —CH 2 —] m O—CH 2 —CH 2 —R b , and —(CHR a ) q —NH + 3 X − ;
R a is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, halogen, (C 1 -C 5 ) alkyl, and alkoxy;
R b is selected from the group consisting of —OH, —O(C 1 -C 5 ) alkyl, —(C 2 -C 6 ) alkene, azide, and —(C 2 -C 6 ) alkyne;
R 4 is —H or (C 1 -C 10 ) alkyl;
X is a counter ion derived from a pharmaceutically acceptable acid; and
n, m and q are each independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.
2. The compound according to claim 1 , wherein R 1 , is —H and R 2 is propyl or pentyl.
3. The compound according to claim 1 , wherein R 3 is selected from the group consisting of (C 1 -C 10 )haloalkyl, —CH 2 —CH 2 —[O—CH 2 —CH 2 —] m O—CH 2 —CH 2 —OH, and —(CH 2 ) q —NH + 3 X − .
4. The compound according to claim 3 , wherein R 3 is (C 1 -C 10 )haloalkyl.
5. The compound according to claim 4 , wherein R 3 is selected from the group consisting of fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, fluoroethyl, fluoropropyl, fluorobutyl, fluoro-t-butyl, 1,1,-difluoro-t-butyl, 1,2-difluoro-t-butyl, 1,2,3-trifluoro-t-butyl, and 1,1,2-trifluoro-t-butyl.
6. The compound according to claim 3 , wherein R 3 is —(CH 2 ) 2 —[O—CH 2 —CH 2 —] m O—(CH 2 ) 2 —OH and m is 2 or 3.
7. The compound according to claim 3 , wherein R 3 is —(CHR a ) q —NH + 3 X − and R a is —H.
8. The compound according to claim 7 , wherein R 3 is —(CH 2 ) 4 —NH + 3 X − , —(CH 2 ) 5 —NH + 3 X − , —(CH 2 ) 6 —NH + 3 X − , or —(CH 2 ) 7 —NH + 3 X − .
9. A method for producing a compound according to Formula IIa or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or stereoisomer thereof,
comprising:
(i) contacting a compound of Formula III
with a cannabinoid synthase in the presence of a solvent to produce a compound according to Formula II
and then
(ii) contacting the Formula II compound with a suitable Y—R 8 group to produce a compound according to Formula IIa;
wherein
R 5 is —H, —COOR 9 , or —(CH 2 ) n COOH;
R 6 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and heptyl;
R 7 is —H;
R 8 is selected from the group consisting of (C 1 -C 10 ) alkyl, (C 1 -C 10 )haloalkyl, (C 3 -C 10 )aryl, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 10 )aryl-(C 1 -C 10 )alkylene, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl-(C 1 -C 10 )alkylene, —CH 2 —CH 2 —[O—CH 2 —CH 2 —] m O—CH 2 —CH 2 —R b , —(CHR a ) q —NH 2 , and —(CHR a ) q —NH + 3 X − ;
R a is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, halogen, (C 1 -C 5 ) alkyl, and alkoxy;
R b is selected from the group consisting of —OH, —O(C 1 -C 5 ) alkyl, —(C 2 -C 6 ) alkene, azide, and —(C 2 -C 6 ) alkyne;
R 9 is —H or (C 1 -C 10 ) alkyl;
X is a counter ion derived from a pharmaceutically acceptable acid;
Y is a leaving group; and
n, m and q are each independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.
10. The method according to claim 9 , wherein R 5 is —H and R 6 is propyl or pentyl.
11. The method according to claim 9 , wherein R 5 is —COOR 9 and R 9 is —H.
12. The method according to claim 11 , further comprising the step of de-carboxylation by contacting a solution of the Formula II compound to heat or by exposing a solution of the Formula II compound to UV-light.
13. The method according to claim 9 , wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of halogen, triflate, mesylate, —OBF 3 , maleimide, and tosylate.
14. The method according to claim 9 , wherein R 8 is (C 1 -C 10 ) alkyl, (C 3 -C 10 )aryl, (C 3 -C 10 )aryl-(C 1 -C 10 )alkylene, —CH 2 —CH 2 —[O—CH 2 —CH 2 —] m O—CH 2 —CH 2 —OH, —(CHR a ) q —NH 2 , and —(CHR a ) q —NH + 3 X − .
15. The method according to claim 14 , wherein R 8 is (C 1 -C 10 ) alkyl.
16. The method according to claim 15 , wherein R 8 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, or heptyl.
17. The method according to claim 14 , wherein R 8 is —(CH 2 ) 2 —[O—CH 2 —CH 2 —] m O—(CH 2 ) 2 —OH and m is 2 or 3.
18. The method according to claim 14 , wherein R 8 is —(CHR a ) q —NH + 3 X − , R a is —H, and q is 4, 5, 6, or 7.
19. The method of claim 9 , wherein the cannabinoid synthase is a cannabidiolic acid synthase (CBDA synthase).
20. A method for enhancing the biological concentration of a Formula IVa compound,
comprising administering the Formula IVa compound to a subject;
wherein, the compound according to Formula IVa is obtained by contacting a Formula IV compound with a suitable Z—R 13 group;
wherein
R 10 is —H, —COOR 14 , or —(CH 2 ) n COOH;
R 11 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and heptyl;
R 12 is —H;
R 13 is selected from the group consisting of (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 10 )haloalkyl, (C 3 -C 10 )aryl, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 10 )aryl-(C 1 -C 10 )alkylene, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl-(C 1 -C 10 )alkylene, —CH 2 —CH 2 —[O—CH 2 —CH 2 —] m O—CH 2 —CH 2 —R b , —(CHR a ) q —NH 2 , and —(CHR a ) q —NH + 3 X − ;
R a is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, halogen, (C 1 - 5 ) alkyl, and alkoxy;
R b is selected from the group consisting of —OH, —O(C 1 - 5 ) alkyl, —(C 2 -C 6 ) alkene, azide, and —(C 2 -C 6 ) alkyne;
R 14 is —H or (C 1 -C 10 ) alkyl;
X is a counter ion derived from a pharmaceutically acceptable acid;
Z is a leaving group;
n, m and q are each independently 0, 1. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; and
wherein the biological concentration of the Formula IVa compound measured as the area under a curve of plasma concentration against time in a human subject, is in the range from about 2 ng/mL to 25 ng/mL per milligram of the Formula IVa compound administered to the subject.
21. A method for treating a neurological condition, comprising:
administering a therapeutically effective amount of a Formula V compound to a subject in need of treatment,
wherein
R 15 is —H, —COOR 18 , or —(CH 2 ) n COOH;
R 16 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and heptyl;
R 17 is selected from the group consisting of (C 1 -C 10 ) alkyl, (C 1 -C 10 ) haloalkyl, (C 3 -C 10 )aryl, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 10 )aryl-(C 1 -C 10 )alkylene, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl—(C 1 -C 10 )alkylene, —CH 2 —CH 2 —[O—CH 2 —CH 2 —] m O—CH 2 —CH 2 —R b , —(CHR a ) q —NH 2 , and —(CHR a ) q —NH + 3 X − ;
R a is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, halogen, (C 1 -C 5 ) alkyl, and alkoxy;
R b is selected from the group consisting of —OH, —O(C 1 -C 5 ) alkyl, —(C 2 -C 6 ) alkene, azide, and —(C 2 -C 6 ) alkyne;
R 18 is —H or (C 1 -C 10 ) alkyl;
X is a counter ion derived from a pharmaceutically acceptable acid; and
n, m and q are each independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10,
wherein the neurological condition is selected from the group consisting of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, dementia, and schizophrenia.