Nitrogen-free hydrogen sulfide scavengers
Treatment of streams containing hydrogen and/or hydrocarbons, and in one non-limiting embodiment refinery distillates, with alkyl carbonates, such as dimethylcarbonate, alone or together with at least one solvent results in reduction or removal of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) that is present to give easily removed alkyl sulfides and/or mercaptans. In one non-limiting embodiment, the treatment converts the original hydrogen sulfide into alkyl sulfides and/or mercaptans that can be extracted from the stream with caustic solutions, mercaptan scavengers, solid absorbents such as clay or activated carbon or liquid absorbents such as amine-aldehyde condensates and/or aqueous aldehydes.
1. A method for removing hydrogen sulfide from a hydrogen and/or hydrocarbon stream containing the hydrogen sulfide, the method comprising:
contacting the stream with an additive, where the additive comprises:
from 0 to about 80 vol % of at least one solvent based on the total amount of additive; and
at least one alkyl carbonate in an amount effective to react with the hydrogen sulfide to form at least one reaction product in a treated stream;
reacting the at least one alkyl carbonate with the hydrogen sulfide to form the at least one reaction product; and
removing the at least one reaction product from the treated stream.
2. The method of claim 1 where the at least one alkyl carbonate has the formula ROC(═O)OR′, where R and R′ are independently C1-C18 alkyl, alkaryl, hydroxyalkyl or aryl, or where R and R′ are joined to form a cyclic alkyl carbonate optionally having one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of one or more aryl groups, one or more hydroxy groups, and/or one or more branched alkyl groups.
3. The method of claim 1 where the stream is a hydrocarbon stream that comprises liquid or gas hydrocarbons selected from the group consisting of C1 to C12 alkanes, C2 to C12 alkenes, liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas, fuel gas, flare gas, naphtha, gas oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, and mixtures thereof.
4. The method of claim 1 where in the additive, the at least one solvent is present and selected from the group consisting of water, mono- and polyhydric alcohols having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, aromatic solvents, kerosene, and combinations thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 where the method has an absence of added compounds containing nitrogen.
6. The method of claim 1 where the effective amount of the at least one alkyl carbonate ranges from about 1 to about 20 ppm of alkyl carbonate per ppm of hydrogen sulfide present.
7. The method of claim 1 where the stream comprises CO 2 and the method does not substantially remove the CO 2 .
8. The method of claim 1 where the at least one reaction product is selected from the group consisting of mercaptans, alkyl sulfides, and combinations thereof.
9. A method for removing hydrogen sulfide from a hydrogen and/or hydrocarbon stream containing the hydrogen sulfide, the method comprising:
contacting the stream with a nitrogen-free additive, where the additive comprises:
from 0 to about 80 vol % of at least one solvent based on the total amount of nitrogen-free additive; and
at least one alkyl carbonate having the formula ROC(═O)OR′, where R and R′ are independently C1-C18 alkyl, alkaryl, hydroxyalkyl or aryl, or where R and R′ are joined to form a cyclic alkyl carbonate optionally having one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of having one or more aryl groups, one or more hydroxy groups, and/or one or more branched alkyl groups, where the amount of the at least one alkyl carbonate is effective to react with the hydrogen sulfide to form at least one reaction product in a treated stream;
reacting the at least one alkyl carbonate with the hydrogen sulfide to form the at least one reaction product; and
removing the at least one reaction product from the treated stream;
where the stream is a hydrocarbon stream that comprises liquid or gas hydrocarbons selected from the group consisting of C1 to C12 alkanes, C2 to C12 alkenes, liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas, fuel gas, flare gas, naphtha, gas oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, and mixtures thereof.
10. The method of claim 9 where the at least one solvent is present and is selected from the group consisting of water, mono- and polyhydric alcohols having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, aromatic solvents, kerosene, and combinations thereof.
11. The method of claim 9 where the method has an absence of added compounds containing nitrogen.
12. The method of claim 9 where the effective amount of the at least one alkyl carbonate ranges from about 1 to about 20 ppm of alkyl carbonate per ppm of hydrogen sulfide present.
13. The method of claim 9 where the stream comprises CO 2 and the method does not substantially remove the CO 2 .
14. A treated stream comprising:
hydrocarbons and optionally hydrogen;
hydrogen sulfide; and
an additive comprising:
from 0 to about 80 vol % of at least one solvent based on the total amount of additive;
at least one alkyl carbonate, where the at least one alkyl carbonate is present in an amount effective to react with the hydrogen sulfide to form at least one reaction product in the treated stream; and
the at least one reaction product.
15. The treated stream of claim 14 where the at least one alkyl carbonate has the formula ROC(═O)OR′, where R and R′ are independently C1-C18 alkyl, alkaryl, hydroxyalkyl or aryl, or where R and R′ are joined to form a cyclic alkyl carbonate optionally having one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of one or more aryl groups, one or more hydroxy groups, and/or one or more branched alkyl groups.
16. The treated stream of claim 14 where the treated stream is a hydrocarbon stream comprising hydrocarbons that comprise liquid or gas hydrocarbons selected from the group consisting of C1 to C12 alkanes, C2 to C12 alkenes, liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas, fuel gas, flare gas, naphtha, gas oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, and mixtures thereof.
17. The treated stream of claim 14 where the treated stream has an absence of added compounds containing nitrogen.
18. The treated stream of claim 14 where the amount effective of the at least one alkyl carbonate ranges from about 1 to about 20 ppm of alkyl carbonate per ppm of hydrogen sulfide present.
19. The treated stream of claim 14 where the treated stream comprises CO 2 .