Wind farm inertial response

1. A method of operating a Wind Farm WF with a plurality of Wind Turbine Generators WT electrically connected to a power grid having a nominal grid frequency, comprising:

providing a wind farm dynamic frequency support target for stabilization of a grid frequency by the wind farm;

determining optimum turbine control input values u j * for the WTs of the WF, based on the wind farm dynamic frequency support target and considering inter-WT wake effects;

operating the WTs according to the optimum turbine control input values u j *;

providing a wind forecast for the wind farm, said wind forecast comprising a local wind forecast which takes into account turbine control input values of the at least one upstream wind turbine including one or more of a pitch angle, yaw angle, nacelle direction, rotor blade settings, rotation speed of the turbine, generator torque, and set-points for active power (P) or reactive (Q), and/or corresponding actual or observed values;

determining optimum turbine control input values u j *(t) that optimize an objective function J(u) depending on the turbine control input of a plurality of wind turbines and depending on the wind forecast;

determining, upon occurrence of a frequency event and based on a measurement of the grid frequency at PCC, optimum frequency support turbine control input values u fi * for frequency support response, and

communicating the optimum frequency support turbine control input values u fi * to local WT controllers of the WTs of the WF;

wherein the local controllers are devoid of a frequency input.

2. The method of claim 1 , comprising:

determining optimum turbine control input values u j * that optimize an objective function J(u) indicative of a wind farm dynamic frequency support comprising virtual inertia.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the wind forecast comprises a meteorological wind forecast.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the objective function comprises a forecast cost for changing set-points and/or activating actuators of at least one wind turbine.

5. The method according to claim 1 , comprising:

determining and communicating to the WTs the optimum turbine control input values u j * at least every minute.

6. The method of claim 1 , comprising:

determining, prior to a frequency event, a first frequency deviation control parameter value, and

operating, upon occurrence of a frequency event, a first local dynamic frequency support controller of a first WT based on the first frequency deviation control parameter value.

7. The method of claim 6 , comprising:

determining, prior to a frequency event, a second frequency deviation control parameter value different from the first frequency deviation control parameter value, and

operating, upon occurrence of a frequency event, a second local dynamic frequency support controller of a second WT based on the second frequency deviation control parameter value.

8. The method of claim 6 , comprising:

operating the first local dynamic frequency support controller of the first WT in an inertial response mode within one second following a detection of a frequency event.

9. The method of claim 6 , comprising:

operating the first local dynamic frequency support controller of the first WT in an inertial response mode based on a short-term frequency deviation control parameter value, and

operating the first local dynamic frequency support controller of the first WT in a primary frequency control mode based on a mid-term frequency deviation control parameter value.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein

in the inertial response mode, the local dynamic frequency support controller of the first WT is operated based on a derivative df/dt of an actual grid frequency with respect to time.

11. The method of claim 9 , wherein

in the primary frequency control mode, the local dynamic frequency support controller of the first WT is operated based on a deviation f-f ref between an actual grid frequency and the nominal grid frequency.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the optimum frequency support turbine control input values u fi * are determined and communicated within one second following a detection of the frequency event.

13. The method of claim 1 , comprising:

determining, upon occurrence of a frequency event and based on a measurement of the grid frequency at PCC, optimum frequency support turbine control input values u fi * for frequency support response, and

instantaneously communicating and/or distributing the optimum frequency support turbine control input values u fi * to a plurality of the individual WTs of the WF.

14. The method of claim 13 , further comprising disabling of control loops at wind turbine level for at least one wind turbine.

15. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

in case of a frequency event, providing dynamic frequency support by at least one downstream wind turbine, while, at least initially, not providing dynamic frequency support by at least a first wind turbine upstream of said downstream wind turbine.

16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising:

in case of a frequency event, providing dynamic frequency support by at least one downstream wind turbine, while, at least initially, not providing dynamic frequency support by any of the wind turbines upstream of said downstream wind turbine.

17. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

setting a first, individual WT inertia target of an upstream wind turbine at a higher absolute or relative value than a second, individual WT inertia target of a downstream wind turbine.

18. The method of claim 17 , further comprising:

setting a first, individual WT inertia target of an upstream wind turbine at a higher absolute or relative value than the second, individual WT inertia target of any downstream wind turbine in the wind field.

19. A method of operating a Wind Farm WF with a plurality of Wind Turbine Generators WT electrically connected to a power grid having a nominal grid frequency, comprising:

providing a wind farm dynamic frequency support target for stabilization of a grid frequency by the wind farm;

determining optimum turbine control input values u j * for the WTs of the WF, based on the wind farm dynamic frequency support target and considering inter-WT wake effects;

operating the WTs according to the optimum turbine control input values u j *;

providing a wind forecast for the wind farm, said wind forecast comprising a local wind forecast which takes into account turbine control input values of the at least one upstream wind turbine including one or more of a pitch angle, yaw angle, nacelle direction, rotor blade settings, rotation speed of the turbine, generator torque, and set-points for active power (P) or reactive (Q), and/or corresponding actual or observed values;

determining optimum turbine control input values u j *(t) that optimize an objective function J(u) depending on the turbine control input of a plurality of wind turbines and depending on the wind forecast;

determining, prior to a frequency event, a first frequency deviation control parameter value;

operating, upon occurrence of a frequency event, a first local dynamic frequency support controller of a first WT based on the first frequency deviation control parameter value;

operating the first local dynamic frequency support controller of the first WT in an inertial response mode based on a short-term frequency deviation control parameter value; and

operating the first local dynamic frequency support controller of the first WT in a primary frequency control mode based on a mid-term frequency deviation control parameter value.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein

in the inertial response mode, the local dynamic frequency support controller of the first WT is operated based on a derivative df/dt of an actual grid frequency with respect to time.

21. A method of operating a Wind Farm WF with a plurality of Wind Turbine Generators WT electrically connected to a power grid having a nominal grid frequency, comprising:

providing a wind farm dynamic frequency support target for stabilization of a grid frequency by the wind farm;

determining optimum turbine control input values u j * for the WTs of the WF, based on the wind farm dynamic frequency support target and considering inter-WT wake effects;

operating the WTs according to the optimum turbine control input values u j *;

providing a wind forecast for the wind farm, said wind forecast comprising a local wind forecast which takes into account turbine control input values of the at least one upstream wind turbine including one or more of a pitch angle, yaw angle, nacelle direction, rotor blade settings, rotation speed of the turbine, generator torque, and set-points for active power (P) or reactive (Q), and/or corresponding actual or observed values;

determining optimum turbine control input values u j *(t) that optimize an objective function J(u) depending on the turbine control input of a plurality of wind turbines and depending on the wind forecast;

determining, upon occurrence of a frequency event and based on a measurement of the grid frequency at PCC, optimum frequency support turbine control input values u fi * for frequency support response;

instantaneously communicating and/or distributing the optimum frequency support turbine control input values u fi * to a plurality of the individual WTs of the WF; and

disabling of control loops at wind turbine level for at least one wind turbine.