Optimized liquid-phase oxidation
Disclosed is an optimized process and apparatus for more efficiently and economically carrying out the liquid-phase oxidation of an oxidizable compound. Such liquid-phase oxidation is carried out in a bubble column reactor that provides for a highly efficient reaction at relatively low temperatures. When the oxidized compound is para-xylene and the product from the oxidation reaction is crude terephthalic acid (CTA), such CTA product can be purified and separated by more economical techniques than could be employed if the CTA were formed by a conventional high-temperature oxidation process.
1. A bubble column reactor, comprising:
a primary pressure-containing vessel shell having one or more upright sidewalls with upright inner surfaces that define a reaction zone;
an internal member disposed in the reaction zone having an outer surface presented to the reaction zone; and a gas opening located below the internal member for introducing a gas phase stream to the reaction zone;
wherein a total upright surface area presented to the reaction zone of the internal member is at least 10 percent of a combined upright surface area of the sidewalls presented to the reaction zone and the surface area of the internal member presented to the reaction zone, and
the gas opening is located in a manner such that a natural buoyancy of the gas-phase stream in a reaction medium in the reaction zone causes at least a portion of the gas-phase stream to rise through the reaction medium adjacent to substantially all of the upright inner surface of the sidewalls presented to the reaction zone and outer surface of the internal member presented to the reaction zone, and
wherein the gas openings are configured in a manner such that when the reaction zone is theoretically partitioned into 4 vertical quadrants of equal volume by a pair of intersecting vertical planes, not more than 80 percent of the cumulative open area defined by all of said gas openings is located in a common one of the vertical quadrants.
2. The bubble column reactor of claim 1 wherein the total upright outer surface area of the internal member contacting the reaction medium accounts for from 15 to 600 percent of the upright inner surface area of the sidewalls contacting the reaction medium.
3. The bubble column reactor of claim 1 wherein the total upright outer surface area of the internal member contacting the reaction medium accounts for from 25 to 400 percent of the upright inner surface area of the sidewalls contacting the reaction medium.
4. The bubble column reactor of claim 1 wherein the reaction zone has a maximum height (L) of at least 10 meters, a maximum diameter (D) of at least 1 meter, and an L:D ratio of at least 6:1.
5. The bubble column reactor of claim 4 wherein L is at least 30 meters, D is at least 2.5 meters, and the L:D ratio is from 8:1 to 20:1.
6. The bubble column reactor of claim 1 wherein the one or more sidewalls is a single substantially cylindrical sidewall.
7. The bubble column reactor of claim 1 wherein the upright surface area is presented by surfaces extending upwardly within 30 degrees of vertical.
8. The bubble column reactor of claim 1 wherein the upright surface area is presented by surfaces extending upwardly within 15 degrees of vertical.
9. The bubble column reactor of claim 1 wherein the reaction zone comprises a normally-lower end and a normally-upper end separated by a distance (L), wherein at least 50 percent of the cumulative open area defined by all of the gas openings is located closer to the normally-lower end than is the internal member.
10. The bubble column reactor of claim 9 wherein substantially all of the cumulative open area defined by all of the gas openings is located closer to the normally-lower end than is the internal member.
11. The bubble column reactor of claim 9 , wherein a majority of the cumulative open area defined by all of the gas openings is located within 0.25L of the normally-lower end of the reaction zone.
12. The bubble column reactor of claim 1 wherein the bubble column reactor further comprises one or more liquid openings for introducing a liquid-phase stream into the reaction zone, wherein the reaction zone comprises a normally-lower end and a normally-upper end separated by a distance (L), wherein at least 50 percent of the cumulative open area defined by all of the liquid openings is located closer to the normally-lower end than is the internal member.
13. The bubble column reactor of claim 12 , wherein substantially all of the cumulative open area defined by all of the liquid openings is located closer to the normally-lower end than is the internal member.
14. The bubble column reactor of claim 13 wherein at least 50 percent of the cumulative open area defined by all of the liquid openings is located within 0.22L of a gas opening located closest to the normally-lower end.
15. The bubble column reactor of claim 1 wherein not more than 40 percent of the cumulative open area defined by all of the gas openings is located in a common one of the vertical quadrants.
16. The bubble column reactor of claim 15 wherein the internal member is not configured to provide substantial heating or cooling of the contents of the reactor.