Liquid air power and storage with carbon capture
Apparatus, systems, and methods store energy by liquefying a gas such as air, for example, and then recover the energy by regasifying the cryogenic liquid and combusting or otherwise reacting the gas with a fuel to drive a heat engine. Carbon may be captured from the heat engine exhaust by using the cryogenic liquid to freeze carbon dioxide out of the exhaust. The process of liquefying the gas may be powered with electric power from the grid, for example, and the heat engine may be used to generate electricity. Hence, in effect these apparatus, systems, and methods may provide for storing electric power from the grid and then subsequently delivering it back to the grid.
1. A method of storing and recovering energy, the method comprising:
regasifying liquid air or liquid air components to produce gaseous air or gaseous air components;
combusting at least a portion of the gaseous air or gaseous air components with a gaseous fuel to form a gaseous primary working fluid at an elevated temperature;
expanding the primary working fluid through a first turbine;
producing electricity with a generator driven by the first turbine;
freezing carbon dioxide out of an exhaust gas stream from the first turbine to form frozen carbon dioxide by transferring heat from the first turbine exhaust gas stream to liquid air or liquid air components to cool the first turbine exhaust gas stream; and
sublimating the frozen carbon dioxide to form carbon dioxide vapor.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein regasifying the liquid air or liquid air components to produce gaseous air or gaseous air components comprises regasifying the liquid air or liquid air components using heat from the exhaust gas stream from the first turbine.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein sublimating the frozen carbon dioxide to form carbon dioxide vapor comprises sublimating the frozen carbon dioxide using heat from the first turbine exhaust gas stream.
4. The method of claim 1 , comprising sublimating the frozen carbon dioxide to form carbon dioxide vapor using heat from air or air components heated by the first turbine exhaust gas stream.
5. The method of claim 1 , comprising:
pressurizing the carbon dioxide vapor; and
cooling the pressurized carbon dioxide vapor with liquid air or liquid air components to form liquid carbon dioxide.
6. The method of claim 1 , comprising:
cooling a storage medium by transferring heat from the storage medium to the first turbine exhaust gas stream after freezing the carbon dioxide out of the first turbine exhaust gas stream; and
using the cooled storage medium as a heat sink during liquefaction of the liquid air or liquid air components.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gaseous fuel is or comprises natural gas, hydrogen, or natural gas and hydrogen.
8. The method of claim 1 , comprising separately providing different ones of the gaseous air components to a combustor in which they are combusted with the fuel.
9. The method of claim 1 , comprising cooling the first turbine with a portion of the gaseous air or gaseous air components provided to the first turbine separately from the primary working fluid.
10. The method of claim 1 , comprising heating water to produce superheated steam using heat from the first turbine exhaust gas stream, and mixing some or all of the superheated steam with the gaseous air or gaseous air components and gaseous fuel during combustion of the gaseous air or gaseous air components and gaseous fuel.
11. The method of claim 1 , comprising heating a secondary working fluid with heat from the first turbine exhaust gas stream to convert the secondary working fluid from a liquid phase to a gas phase, and expanding the gaseous secondary working fluid through a second turbine to generate additional electricity.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the secondary working fluid is or comprises water.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the secondary working fluid is an organic working fluid, comprising transferring heat from the gaseous secondary working fluid to liquid air or liquid air components to condense the gaseous secondary working fluid to a liquid after expanding the gaseous secondary working fluid through the second turbine.
14. The method of claim 1 , comprising condensing water out of the exhaust gas stream from the first turbine thereby increasing the first turbine power output.