Self-suspending proppants for hydraulic fracturing
View Patent ↗The present invention provides modified proppants, and methods for their manufacture. In embodiments, the modified proppant comprises a proppant particle and a hydrogel coating, wherein the hydrogel coating is applied to a surface of the proppant particle and localizes on the surface to produce the modified proppant. In embodiments, formulations are disclosed comprising the modified particles, and methods are disclosed for using the formulations.
1. A modified proppant for propping open a fracture in a geological formation, the modified proppant comprising a proppant particle substrate and a coating of a hydrogel-forming polymer, wherein the coating localizes on the surfaces of the proppant particle substrate to produce the modified proppant, wherein the coating comprises a hydrogel-forming polymer which forms a substantially continuous film on the surface of the proppant particle, wherein the coating has a thickness between about 0.01% to about 20% of the average diameter of the proppant particle when dry and a thickness between about 10% to about 1000% of the average diameter of the proppant particle when suspended in an aqueous fracturing fluid, and further wherein the coating has been formulated so that, during fluid transport of the modified proppant to a desired target location in the fracture, the hydrodynamic volume of the modified proppant is increased while premature release of the coating is simultaneously prevented so that the modified proppant can be directed to a desired target location in the fracture.
2. The modified proppant of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogel-forming polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyacrylamide, copolymers of acrylamide with anionic and cationic comonomers, copolymers of acrylamide with hydrophobic comonomers, poly(acrylic acid), poly(acrylic acid) salts, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, guar gum, alginate, carrageenan, locust bean gum, carboxymethyl guar, carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar gum, hydrophobically associating swellable emulsion (HASE) polymers, latex polymers, and starches.
3. The modified proppant of claim 2 , wherein the hydrogel coating comprises a starch.
4. The modified proppant of claim 2 , wherein the hydrogel coating comprises a polyacrylamide.
5. The modified proppant of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogel coating comprises a cationic/anionic polymer pair comprising a cationic polymer and an anionic polymer.
6. The modified proppant of claim 5 , wherein the cationic polymer is selected from polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (poly-(DADMAC)), linear polyethylenimine (LPEI), branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) chitosan, and cationic polyacrylamide.
7. The modified proppant of claim 1 , wherein the substantially continuous film of hydrogel-forming polymer is crosslinked.
8. The modified proppant of claim 7 , wherein the substantially continuous film of hydrogel-forming polymer is crosslinked with a covalent crosslinker.
9. The modified proppant of claim 8 , wherein the covalent crosslinker comprises a functional group selected from the group consisting of an epoxide, an anhydride, an aldehyde, a diisocyanate, and a carbodiamide.
10. The modified proppant of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogel coating further comprises an alcohol selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, propanol and ethanol.
11. A treatment fluid comprising an aqueous fracturing fluid and a mass of the modified proppant particles of claim 1 .
12. A method for fracturing a subterranean geological formation comprising introducing into the formation the treatment fluid of claim 11 .