Piezoelectric capacitor
A piezoelectric capacitor includes A) a composite article that has 1) a dry piezoelectric layer (dry PL); 2) a first dry electrode comprising a dry electrically-conductive layer arranged contiguously with a first opposing surface of the dry PL; and 3) a second dry electrode arranged contiguously with a second opposing surface of the dry PL. The dry electrically-conductive layer has essentially (a) an electrically-conductive material; and (b) particles having a Young's modulus that is different from the Young's modulus of the (a) electrically-conductive material by at least 10%. The capacitor also has B) electrical communication means attached to both electrodes for electrical communication of the composite article with an external electrical circuit.
1. A piezoelectric capacitor comprising:
A) a composite article comprising:
1) a first dry piezoelectric layer (first dry PL) comprising a piezoelectric material and having first and second opposing surfaces;
2) a first dry electrode comprising a first dry electrically-conductive layer (first dry ECL-P) arranged contiguously with the first opposing surface of the dry PL, wherein the first dry ECL-P consists essentially of:
(a) an electrically-conductive material; and
(b) particles distributed within the (a) electrically-conductive material, the (b) particles having a Young's modulus that is different from the Young's modulus of the (a) electrically-conductive material by at least 10%, and which (b) particles have a d50 of at least 500 nm and up to and including 500 μm and a polydispersity coefficient that is less than or equal to 3;
provided that:
the weight ratio of the (b) particles to the (a) electrically-conductive material is at least 0.01:1 and up to and including 10:1, and
when the first dry ECL-P is arranged adjacent to an insulating substrate, it exhibits a resistivity of less than 10,000 ohms-cm; and
3) a second dry electrode arranged contiguously with the second opposing surface of the first dry PL; and
B) electrical communication means attached to both the first dry electrode and the second dry electrode for electrical communication of the composite article with an external electrical circuit, and
optionally, the first dry ECL-P further includes (c) a binder material that is non-electrically-conductive and has a weight average molecular weight of at least 5,000.
2. The piezoelectric capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the second dry electrode comprises a second dry electrically-conductive layer (second dry ECL-P) that consists essentially of:
(a) an electrically-conductive material; and
(b) particles distributed within the (a) electrically-conductive material, the (b) particles having a Young's modulus that is different from the Young's modulus of the (a) electrically-conductive material by at least 10%, and which (b) particles have a d50 of at least 500 mu and up to and including 500 μm and a polydispersity coefficient that is less than or equal to 3; wherein the (b) particles distributed within the second dry ECL-P can be the same as or different from the (b) particles distributed within the first dry ECL-P;
provided that:
the weight ratio of the (b) particles to the (a) electrically-conductive material in the second dry ECL-P is at least 0.01:1 and up to and including 10:1, and
when the second dry ECL-P is arranged adjacent to an insulating substrate, it exhibits a resistivity of less than 10,000 ohms-cm, and
optionally, the second dry ECL-P further includes (c) a binder material that is non-electrically-conductive and has a weight average molecular weight of at least 5,000.
3. The piezoelectric capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the (b) particles are composed of one or more polymeric materials.
4. The piezoelectric capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the (b) particles are composed of one or more inorganic materials.
5. The piezoelectric capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the (c) binder material is present in the first dry ECL-P and comprises one or more polyurethanes, acrylate polymers, polyvinyl acetals, or polyacrylate precursors to an acrylate polymer.
6. The composite article of claim 1 , wherein the (c) binder material is present in the first dry ECL-P in an amount of at least 0.1 weight % and up to and including 10 weight %, based on the total weight of the first dry ECL-P.
7. The piezoelectric capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the (b) particles have a polydispersity coefficient that is less than or equal to 1.5.
8. The piezoelectric capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the (b) particles have a polydispersity coefficient that is less than or equal to 1.25.
9. The piezoelectric capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the first dry PL comprises beta phase polyvinylidene fluoride.
10. The piezoelectric capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the first dry PL comprises a single crystalline or polycrystalline ceramic.
11. The piezoelectric capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the (a) electrically-conductive material consists essentially of electrically-conductive silver nanoparticles.
12. The piezoelectric capacitor of claim 1 , comprising a second dry piezoelectric layer (second dry PL) comprising a piezoelectric material, which second dry PL is arranged contiguously with the second dry electrode.
13. A piezoelectric capacitor comprising:
A) a composite article comprising:
1) a first dry piezoelectric layer (first dry PL) comprising a piezoelectric material and having first and second opposing surfaces; and
2) a first pair of non-electrically-connected co-planar patterned electrodes that are arranged contiguously with at least one of the first and second opposing surfaces of the first dry PL, at least one of the first pair of non-electrically-connected co-planar patterned electrodes consisting essentially of:
(a) an electrically-conductive material; and
(b) particles distributed within the (a) electrically-conductive material, the (b) particles having a Young's modulus that is different from the Young's modulus of the (a) electrically-conductive material by at least 10%, and which (b) particles have a d50 of at least 500 nm and up to and including 500 μm and a polydispersity coefficient that is less than or each to 3;
provided that:
the weight ratio of the (b) particles to the (a) electrically-conductive material is at least 0.01:1 and up to and including 10:1, and
when each of the first pair of non-electrically-connected co-planar patterned electrodes is arranged adjacent to an insulating substrate, it exhibits a resistivity of less than 10,000 ohms-cm; and
B) electrical communication means attached to each of the first pair of non-electrically-connected co-planar patterned electrodes for electrical communication of the composite article with an external circuit, and
optionally, each of the non-electrically-connected co-planar patterned electrodes further includes (c) a binder material that is non-electrically-conductive and has a weight average molecular weight of at least 5,000.
14. A kinetic piezoelectric device, comprising:
A) piezoelectric capacitor comprising:
1) a substrate;
2) a first dry piezoelectric layer (first dry PL) comprising a piezoelectric material and having first and second opposing surfaces; and
3) a first pair of non-electrically-connected co-planar patterned electrodes that are arranged contiguously with at least one of the first and second opposing surfaces of the first dry PL, at least one of the first pair of non-electrically-connected co-planar patterned electrodes consisting essentially of:
(a) an electrically-conductive material; and
(b) particles distributed within the (a) electrically-conductive material, the (b) particles having a Young's modulus that is different from the Young's modulus of the (a) electrically-conductive material by at least 10%, and which (b) particles have a d50 of at least 500 nm and up to and including 500 μm and a polydispersity coefficient that is less than or equal to 3;
provided that:
the weight ratio of the (b) particles to the (a) electrically-conductive material is at least 0.01:1 and up to and including 10:1, and
when each of the first pair of non-electrically-connected co-planar patterned electrodes is arranged adjacent to an insulating substrate, it exhibits a resistivity of less than 10,000 ohms-cm;
B) signal processing electronics in electrical communication with the piezoelectric capacitor;
C) a means for transmitting all or a portion of an applied force directly to the first dry PL; and optionally
D) a proof mass that is contiguous with at least one external surface of the piezoelectric capacitor, and
optionally, each of the pair of non-electrically-connected co-planar patterned electrodes further includes (c) a binder material that is non-electrically-conductive and has a weight average molecular weight of at least 5,000.
15. An inertial piezoelectric device, comprising:
A) piezoelectric capacitor comprising:
1) a substrate;
2) a dry piezoelectric layer (first dry PL) comprising a piezoelectric material and having first and second opposing surfaces; and
3) a first pair of non-electrically-connected co-planar patterned electrodes that are arranged contiguously with at least one of the first and second opposing surfaces of the first dry PL, at least one of the first pair of non-electrically-connected co-planar patterned electrodes consisting essentially of:
(a) an electrically-conductive material; and
(b) particles distributed within the (a) electrically-conductive material, the (b) particles having a Young's modulus that is different from the Young's modulus of the (a) electrically-conductive material by at least 10%, and which (b) particles have a d50 of at least 500 nm and up to and including 500 μm and a polydispersity coefficient that is less than or equal to 3;
provided that:
the weight ratio of the (b) particles to the (a) electrically-conductive material is at least 0.01:1 and up to and including 10:1, and
when each of the first pair of non-electrically-connected co-planar patterned electrodes is arranged adjacent to an insulating substrate, it exhibits a resistivity of less than 10,000 ohms-cm; and;
B) signal processing electronics in electrical communication with the piezoelectric capacitor;
C) a means for converting all or a portion of an applied force to an inertial force that is transmitted to the first dry PL; and optionally
D) a proof mass that is contiguous with at least one external surface of the piezoelectric capacitor, and
optionally, each of the first pair of non-electrically-connected co-planar patterned electrodes further includes (c) a binder material that is non-electrically-conductive and has a weight average molecular weight of at least 5,000.
16. A kinetic piezoelectric device, comprising:
A) piezoelectric capacitor comprising:
1) a substrate;
2) a first dry piezoelectric layer (first dry PL) comprising a piezoelectric material and having first and second opposing surfaces;
3) a first electrode comprising a first dry electrically-conductive layer (first dry ECL-P) arranged contiguously with the first opposing surface of the first dry PL, wherein first dry ECL-P consists essentially of:
(a) an electrically-conductive material; and
(b) particles distributed within the (a) electrically-conductive material, the (b) particles having a Young's modulus that is different from the Young's modulus of the (a) electrically-conductive material by at least 10%, and which (b) particles have a d50 of at least 500 nm and up to and including 500 μm and a polydispersity coefficient that is less than or equal to 3;
provided that:
the weight ratio of the (b) particles to the (a) electrically-conductive material is at least 0.01:1 and up to and including 10:1, and
when the first dry ECL-P is arranged adjacent to an insulating substrate, it exhibits a resistivity of less than 10,000 ohms-cm; and
4) a second electrode arranged contiguously with the second opposing surfaces of the first dry PL;
B) signal processing electronics in electrical communication with the piezoelectric capacitor;
C) a means for transmitting all or a portion of an applied force to the first dry PL; and optionally
D) a proof mass that is contiguous with at least one external surface of the piezoelectric capacitor, and
optionally, the first dry ECL-P further includes (c) a binder material that is non-electrically-conductive and has a weight average molecular weight of at least 5,000.