Composite feedstock for additive manufacturing
Techniques and compositions are disclosed for composite feedstocks with powder/binder systems suitable for three-dimensional printing, such as fused filament fabrication. The composite feedstocks may include a jacket about a core, with at least the core including a powder material suspended in a binder system and the jacket having a hardness or toughness greater than a hardness or toughness of the core for the feedstock. In general, the harder jacket may protect the core from unintended deformation or damage during transportation, storage, or use. For example, the difference in hardness or toughness between the jacket and the core may facilitate gripping the feedstock (e.g., by gear drives or the like) with a higher amount of force than is otherwise applicable if the feedstock were composed of the core alone, without damaging the core, during a fused filament fabrication process or another additive manufacturing process.
1. A feedstock for additive manufacturing, the feedstock comprising:
a core including a binder system and a powder material suspended in the binder system, the powder material including a sinterable powder, the binder system including a primary binder and a secondary binder, a net shape of the powder material retainable by the primary binder during a primary debind process, a net shape of the powder material retainable by the secondary binder during a thermal sintering cycle, and at least one of the primary binder and the secondary binder including a first polymer; and
a jacket about the core, the jacket including a second polymer, and the jacket having a mechanical performance greater than a mechanical performance of the core at a temperature substantially below an extrusion temperature for the feedstock.
2. The feedstock of claim 1 , wherein the mechanical performance of the core and jacket is measured by any one of the: area under a curve of a stress-strain test, a Shore hardness, a Rockwell hardness, an Izod impact energy, a Charpy impact energy, and a tensile yield strength, and a tensile ultimate strength.
3. The feedstock of claim 1 , wherein the powder material has a concentration in the core within ±10 volume percent of a tap density of the powder material.
4. The feedstock of claim 1 , wherein the second polymer has a molecular weight greater than a molecular weight of the first polymer.
5. The feedstock of claim 1 , wherein the binder system includes two or more polymers, and wherein the second polymer has a molecular weight greater than an average of the molecular weights of the two or more polymers in the binder system.
6. The feedstock of claim 1 , wherein the binder system includes the second polymer.
7. The feedstock of claim 1 wherein the second polymer has a Shore D hardness greater than a Shore D hardness of the first polymer at the temperature substantially below the extrusion temperature of the feedstock.
8. The feedstock of claim 1 , wherein the second polymer has a melt temperature higher than a melt temperature of the first polymer.
9. The feedstock of claim 1 , wherein, at a temperature of about twenty-three degrees Celsius, the feedstock is spoolable without fracture on a spool with a diameter of at most thirty-six inches and at least about a diameter of the feedstock.
10. The feedstock of claim 1 , wherein, at a temperature of about twenty-three degrees Celsius, the feedstock is substantially rigid.
11. The feedstock of claim 1 , wherein the second polymer of the jacket has a polymer chain longer than a polymer chain of the first polymer of the binder system.
12. The feedstock of claim 1 , wherein the jacket contains an amount of the powder material.
13. The feedstock of claim 12 , wherein a volumetric percentage of the powder material in the jacket is less than a volumetric percentage of the powder material in the core.
14. The feedstock of claim 13 , wherein a volumetric percentage of the powder material in the jacket is substantially equal to a volumetric percentage of the powder material in the core.
15. The feedstock of claim 13 , wherein the secondary binder is formed in part by the second polymer, and a volumetric percentage of the second polymer in the jacket is greater than a volumetric percentage of the second polymer in the core.
16. The feedstock of claim 1 , wherein the first polymer is polystyrene.
17. The feedstock of claim 1 , wherein the second polymer is one or more of polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, and poly(methyl methacrylate).
18. The feedstock of claim 1 , wherein the secondary binder includes one or more of polypropylene, polyethylene, and poly(methyl methacrylate).
19. A method of fabricating a feedstock, the method comprising:
extruding a continuous core including a binder system and a powder material, the powder material having a concentration in the continuous core within ±10 volume percent of a tap density of the powder material, the binder system including a primary binder and a secondary binder, a net shape of the powder material retainable by the primary binder during a primary debind process, and a net shape of the powder material retainable by the secondary binder during a thermal sintering cycle, at least one of the primary binder and the secondary binder including a first polymer, and the powder of the powder material including a sinterable powder; and
forming a jacket of a jacket material about the continuous core.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein, at about twenty-three degrees Celsius, the jacket material has a Shore hardness greater than a Shore hardness of the continuous core.
21. The method of claim 19 , wherein the binder system includes a low molecular weight polymer, the jacket includes a crosslinker for the low molecular weight polymer, and a polymerization of the low molecular weight polymer is triggerable by the crosslinker to form longer chain polymers at an extrusion temperature for the feedstock.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the low molecular weight polymer has a molecular weight no greater than one hundred thousand g/mol.
23. The method of claim 21 , wherein the extrusion temperature is at least one hundred degrees Celsius.
24. The method of claim 19 , wherein forming the jacket includes coextruding the jacket material around the continuous core.
25. The method of claim 19 , wherein forming the jacket includes spraying the jacket material onto the continuous core or dipping the continuous core in the jacket material.