Bias control of nested mach-zehnder modulators for the generation of optical QAM signals

1. A method for bias control of a nested Mach Zehnder optical modulator, the method comprising:

converging a control loop for biasing an I inner modulator of the nested Mach Zehnder optical modulator by applying a first value of a first bias voltage to the I inner modulator such that the I inner modulator is biased at a transmission null;

converging a control loop for biasing a Q inner modulator of the nested Mach Zehnder optical modulator by applying a first value of a second bias voltage to the Q inner modulator such that the Q inner modulator is biased at a transmission null; and

converging a control loop for I-Q phase delay of the nested Mach Zehnder optical modulator by applying a phase delay bias voltage such that a phase delay between an output of the I inner modulator and an output of the Q inner modulator is approximately π/2+k·π, wherein k is an integer;

subsequent to converging the control loops for biasing the I and Q inner modulators and I-Q phase delay, offsetting the first bias voltage from the first value of the first bias voltage and the second bias voltage from the first value of the second bias voltage; and

dithering the phase delay bias voltage while measuring variation in a characteristic of the output of the nested Mach Zehnder optical modulator.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein converging a control loop for biasing an I inner modulator of the nested Mach Zehnder optical modulator comprises dithering the first bias voltage around the first value of the first bias voltage and adjusting the first value of the first bias voltage until a dither tone in the output of the nested Mach Zehnder optical modulator is at a local minimum.

3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising determining an I-Q polarity based at least in part on whether the measured variation in the characteristic of the output of the nested Mach Zehnder optical modulator is 180 degrees out of phase with the phase delay bias voltage dither.

4. The method of claim 3 , further comprising in response to determining the I-Q polarity, selectively adjusting the first bias voltage, the second bias voltage, or the phase delay bias voltage.

5. The method of claim 3 , further comprising receiving at the I inner modulator and the Q inner modulator electric input data streams and in response to determining the I-Q polarity, selectively inverting the electric input data stream received at either the I inner modulator or the Q inner modulator during operation of the nested Mach Zehnder optical modulator.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the characteristic of the output of the nested Mach Zehnder optical modulator is RF power of a photocurrent representing the output of the nested Mach Zehnder optical modulator.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the characteristic of the output of the nested Mach Zehnder optical modulator is a DC component of a photocurrent representing the output of the nested Mach Zehnder optical modulator.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein converging a control loop for biasing an I inner modulator of the Mach Zehnder optical modulator comprises dithering the first bias voltage around the first value of the first bias voltage and adjusting the first value of the first bias voltage until a DC component of a photocurrent measured by a photodetector is at a local minimum, wherein the photodetector is configured to detect the output of the nested Mach Zehnder optical modulator.

9. A method for bias control of a nested Mach Zehnder optical modulator comprising a first modulator arm, a second modulator arm, a phase delay unit in the second modulator arm, and a photodetector configured to detect an output optical signal of the nested Mach Zehnder optical modulator, the method comprising:

biasing a first inner modulator in the first modulator arm at a transmission null;

biasing a second inner modulator in the second modulator arm at a transmission null;

biasing the phase delay unit with a phase delay bias point such that a phase delay between an output of the first inner modulator and an output of the second inner modulator is approximately π/2+k·π, wherein k is an integer;

driving the first modulator arm and the second modulator arm with a same electric input data stream; and

subsequent to biasing the phase delay unit, dithering the phase delay bias point and monitoring a characteristic of photocurrent generated by the photodetector.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein biasing the phase delay unit with a phase delay bias point comprises dithering the phase delay bias point around a first value of the phase delay bias point, and adjusting the first value of the phase delay bias point until a dither tone in a measured photocurrent of the photodetector is at a local minimum.

11. The method of claim 9 , further comprising determining an I-Q polarity based at least in part on whether the monitored characteristic of the photocurrent generated by the photodetector is 180 degrees out of phase with the phase delay bias point dither.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein biasing the first inner modulator in the first modulator arm at a transmission null comprises biasing the first inner modulator with a first bias point, biasing the second inner modulator in the second modulator arm at a transmission null comprises biasing the second inner modulator with a second bias point, and

wherein the method further comprises in response to determining the I-Q polarity, selectively adjusting the first bias point, the second bias point, or the phase delay bias point.

13. The method of claim 11 , further comprising in response to determining the I-Q polarity, selectively inverting the electric input data stream applied to either the first modulator arm or second modulator arm during operation of the optical modulator.

14. The method of claim 9 , wherein the characteristic of the photocurrent is RF power.

15. The method of claim 9 , wherein the characteristic of the photocurrent is a DC component of the photocurrent.

16. A method for bias control of a nested Mach Zehnder optical modulator comprising a first modulator arm, a second modulator arm, a phase delay unit in the second modulator arm, and a photodetector configured to detect an output optical signal of the nested Mach Zehnder optical modulator, the method comprising:

biasing a first inner modulator in the first modulator arm at a transmission null by applying a first value of a first bias point to the first inner modulator;

biasing a second inner modulator in the second modulator arm at a transmission null by applying a first value of a second bias point to the second inner modulator;

biasing the phase delay unit with a third bias point such that a phase delay between an output of the first inner modulator and an output of the second inner modulator is approximately λ/2+k·π, wherein k is an integer;

subsequent to biasing the first modulator arm, the second modulator arm and the phase delay unit, offsetting the first bias point from the first value of the first bias point and the second bias point from the first value of the second bias point; and

dithering the third bias point and monitoring a characteristic of photocurrent generated by the photodetector.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein biasing the phase delay unit with a third bias point comprises dithering the third bias point around a first value of the third bias point, and adjusting the first value of the third bias point until a dither tone in a measured photocurrent of the photodetector is at a local minimum.

18. The method of claim 16 , further comprising determining an I-Q polarity based at least in part on whether the monitored characteristic of the photocurrent generated by the photodetector is 180 degrees out of phase with the third bias point dither.

19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the characteristic of the photocurrent is RF power.

20. The method of claim 16 , wherein the characteristic of the photocurrent is a DC component of the photocurrent.