Global shutter in pixel frame memory

1. A sensor comprising,

one or more pixels, each of the one or more pixels comprising: a photodiode which can convert light which is incident on the photodiode into a current, wherein the amplitude of said current is proportional to the intensity of the light, a photoreceptor circuit which is connected to the photodiode so that the photoreceptor circuit can receive said current from the photodiode, and wherein the photoreceptor circuit is configured such that it can convert said current which it receives from the photodiode into a voltage and to output that voltage as an output of the photoreceptor, a capacitor having a first and second terminal, and a first sampling circuit which is provided between the output of the photoreceptor and the first terminal of the capacitor and which is configured such that it can be selectively operated to, electronically connect the first terminal of the capacitor to the voltage output of the photoreceptor, or, to provide an open circuit between the first terminal of the capacitor and the voltage output of the photoreceptor, a reset circuit which is configured such that it can be selectively operated to, electronically connect the second terminal of the capacitor to a first voltage source which can provide a predefined reference voltage, or, to provide an open circuit between the second terminal of the capacitor and said first voltage source.

2. The sensor according to claim 1 further comprising a controller which is configured to operate the first sampling circuit and the reset circuit, in the following sequence:

first, operate the first sampling circuit so that the first terminal of the capacitor is electronically connected to the voltage output of the photoreceptor;

second, while the first terminal of the capacitor is electronically connected to the voltage output of the photoreceptor, consecutively operate the reset circuit so that the reset circuit electronically connects the second terminal of the capacitor to the first voltage source and, then operate the reset circuit so that the reset circuit provides an open circuit between the second terminal of the capacitor and the first voltage source.

3. The sensor according to claim 2 , wherein said controller is further configured to operate the reset circuit so that the reset circuit electronically connects the second terminal of the capacitor to the first voltage source for a second time, if after the controller has operated the reset circuit so that the reset circuit provides an open circuit between the second terminal of the capacitor and the first voltage source, the absolute value of the voltage at the second terminal of the capacitor is above a predefined absolute value or below a second predefined absolute value.

4. The sensor according to claim 1 , wherein

the first sampling circuit comprises a switch which can be selectively closed so as to connect the capacitor to the voltage output of the photoreceptor, or opened so as to provide an open circuit between the first terminal of the capacitor and the voltage output of the photoreceptor; and

the reset circuit comprises a switch which can be selectively closed so as to electronically connect the second terminal of the capacitor and the first voltage source, or opened so as to provide an open circuit between the second terminal of the capacitor and the first voltage source.

5. The sensor according to claim 1 , further comprising an amplifier which has a first input and a second input, wherein the first voltage source is electrically connected to the first input of the amplifier and the reset circuit is electrically connected to an output of the amplifier.

6. The sensor according claim 5 wherein the reset circuit is further electrically connected to the second input of the amplifier, so that the reset circuit is electrically connected between the first input of the amplifier and the output of the amplifier.

7. The sensor according to claim 5 , comprising a controller which is configured to:

first, operate the first sampling circuit so that the first terminal of the capacitor is electronically connected to the voltage output of the photoreceptor, and, operate the reset circuit so that the reset circuit electronically connects the second terminal of the capacitor to the first voltage source;

second, operate the first sampling circuit so that the first sampling circuit provides an open circuit between the first terminal of the capacitor and photoreceptor, and, operate the reset circuit so that the reset circuit provides an open circuit between the second terminal of the capacitor and the first voltage source;

third, operate the first sampling circuit so that the first terminal of the capacitor is electronically connected to the voltage output of the photoreceptor, and, operate the reset circuit so that the reset circuit provides an open circuit between the second terminal of the capacitor and the first voltage source; and

fourth, operate the first sampling circuit so that the first sampling circuit provides an open circuit between the first terminal of the capacitor and photoreceptor, and, operate the reset circuit so that the reset circuit provides an open circuit between the second terminal of the capacitor and the first voltage source, and wherein the controller is further configured to apply a threshold voltage to the first input of the amplifier, when the first sampling circuit is operated to provide an open circuit between the first terminal of the capacitor and photoreceptor and the reset circuit is operated to provide open circuit between the second terminal of the capacitor and the first voltage source.

8. The sensor according to claim 7 , wherein the controller is further configured to read a value output by the amplifier when the threshold voltage is applied to the first input of the amplifier, and to operate the reset circuit so that the reset circuit electronically connects the second terminal of the capacitor to the first voltage source if the output of the amplifier is within a predefined range.

9. The sensor according to claim 7 , comprising a plurality of said one or more pixels, and wherein the controller is configured to, for all of the plurality of pixels simultaneously:

first, operate first sampling circuits so that a first terminal of respective capacitors are electronically connected to the respective voltage outputs of the photoreceptors, and, operate the reset circuits so that the reset circuits electronically connect the respective second terminals of the respective capacitors to the first voltage source;

second, operate the first sampling circuits so that the first sampling circuits provide an open circuit between the respective first terminal of the respective capacitors and the respective photoreceptors, and, operate the reset circuits so that the reset circuits provide an open circuits between the respective second terminals of the respective capacitors and the first voltage source; and

third, operate the first sampling circuits so that the respective first terminals of the respective capacitors are electronically connected to the voltage output of the respective photoreceptor, and, operate the reset circuits so that the reset circuits provide an open circuit between the respective second terminal of the respective capacitor and the first voltage source; and

fourth, operate the first sampling circuits so that the first sampling circuits provide an open circuit between the respective first terminals of the respective capacitors and the respective photoreceptors, and, operate the reset circuits so that the reset circuits provide an open circuit between the respective second terminals of the respective capacitors and the first voltage source, and wherein the controller is further configured to apply a threshold voltage simultaneously to first inputs of all of amplifiers of all of said pixels, when the first sampling circuits are operated to provide an open circuit between the respective first terminals of the respective capacitors and the respective photoreceptors and the reset circuits are operated to provide an open circuit between the respective second terminals of the respective capacitors and the first voltage source.

10. The sensor according to claim 9 wherein the controller is further configured to read a value output by respective amplifiers when the threshold voltage is applied to the first inputs of the respective amplifiers, and to simultaneously operate the reset circuits of only those pixels in which the value output by the amplifier of that pixel is within a predefined range, so that the reset circuit of that pixel electronically connects the second terminal of the capacitor of that pixel to the first voltage source.

11. The sensor according to claim 1 , further comprising a read-out circuit, which is configured such that it can be selectively operated to output from a pixel a voltage at the second terminal of the capacitor.

12. The sensor according to claim 5 , further comprising a read-out circuit, which is configured such that it can be selectively operated to output to a processor, a voltage at the output of the amplifier.

13. The sensor according to claim 5 , wherein each of the pixels have an address unique to addresses of said other pixels, and wherein a read-out circuit, is configured such that it can be selectively operated to output to a processor, the addresses of those pixels which have a voltage at the output of the amplifier which is within a predefined range.

14. The sensor according to claim 1 , further comprising a controller which is configured to simultaneously operate the first sampling circuit of all of the plurality of pixels so that first terminals of respective capacitors are simultaneously electronically connected to the voltage output of respective photoreceptors.

15. The sensor according to claim 14 , wherein the controller is further configured to, while the first terminals of the respective capacitors are electronically connected to the voltage output of respective photoreceptors, simultaneously operate respective reset circuits of all of said plurality of said one or more pixels, so that the respective reset circuits consecutively electronically connect a second terminal of the respective capacitors to the first voltage source, and, then provide an open circuit between the second terminal of the respective capacitors and the first voltage source.