Microorganisms and methods for enhancing the availability of reducing equivalents in the presence of methanol, and for producing 1,2-propanediol, n-propanol, 1,3-propanediol, or glycerol related thereto

1. A non-naturally occurring microbial organism comprising:

(A) a methanol metabolic pathway, wherein said organism comprises at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding a methanol metabolic pathway enzyme expressed in a sufficient amount to enhance the availability of reducing equivalents in the presence of methanol, wherein said methanol metabolic pathway comprises:

(i) a methanol methyltransferase and a methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase;

(ii) a methanol dehydrogenase; or

(iii) a methanol dehydrogenase and a formaldehyde activating enzyme; and

(B) (1) a 1,3-propanediol pathway comprising (1) (i) a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate reductase; (ii) a glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatase or a glycerol kinase; (iii) a glycerol dehydratase; and (iv) a 3-hydroxypropanal reductase; (2)(i) a dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase; (ii) a glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatase or a glycerol kinase; (iii) a glycerol dehydratase; and (iv) a 3-hydroxypropanal reductase; or (3)(i) a dihydroxyacetone phosphate phosphatase or a dihydroxyacetone kinase; (ii) a dihydroxyacetone reductase; (iii) a glycerol dehydratase; and (iv) a 3-hydroxypropanal reductase; or

(2) a glycerol pathway comprising (1)(i) a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate reductase; and (ii) a glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatase or a glycerol kinase; (2)(i) a dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase; and (ii) a glycerol-3-phosphate phosphatase or a glycerol kinase; or (3)(i) a dihydroxyacetone phosphate phosphatase or a dihydroxyacetone kinase; and (ii) a dihydroxyacetone reductase.

2. The organism of claim 1 , wherein said organism comprises the 1,3-propanediol pathway, and wherein said organism comprises at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding the 1,3-propanediol pathway enzyme expressed in a sufficient amount to produce 1,3-propanediol.

3. The organism of claim 1 , wherein the methanol metabolic pathway comprises:

(i) a methanol methyltransferase, a methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, a methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, a methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, and a formyltetrahydrofolate deformylase;

(ii) a methanol methyltransferase, a methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, a methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, a methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase and a formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase;

(iii) a methanol dehydrogenase, a methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, a methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase and a formyltetrahydrofolate deformylase;

(iv) a methanol dehydrogenase, a methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, a methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase and a formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase;

(v) a methanol dehydrogenase and a formaldehyde dehydrogenase;

(vi) a methanol dehydrogenase, a S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione synthase, a glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase and a S-formylglutathione hydrolase;

(vii) a methanol dehydrogenase, a glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase and a S-formylglutathione hydrolase;

(viii) a methanol dehydrogenase, a formaldehyde activating enzyme, a methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, a methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase and a formyltetrahydrofolate deformylase; or

(ix) a methanol dehydrogenase, a formaldehyde activating enzyme, a methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, a methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase and a formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase;

wherein the methanol metabolic pathway optionally further comprises (i) a formate dehydrogenase; (ii) a formate hydrogen lyase; or (iii) a formate hydrogen lyase and a hydrogenase.

4. The organism of claim 1 , wherein:

(a) said organism comprises two, three, four, five, six or seven exogenous nucleic acids, each encoding a methanol metabolic pathway enzyme;

(b) said at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding a methanol metabolic pathway enzyme is a heterologous nucleic acid;

(c) said organism comprises one or more gene disruptions, wherein said one or more gene disruptions occur in one or more endogenous genes encoding protein(s) or enzyme(s) involved in native production of ethanol, glycerol, acetate, lactate, formate, CO 2 , and/or amino acids, by said microbial organism, and wherein said one or more gene disruptions confers increased production of 1,2-propanediol, n-propanol, glycerol or 1,3-propanediol in said microbial organism; or

(d) one or more endogenous enzymes involved in: native production of ethanol, glycerol, acetate, lactate, formate, CO 2 and/or amino acids by said microbial organism, has attenuated enzyme activity or expression levels.

5. The organism of claim 1 , further comprising a formaldehyde assimilation pathway, wherein said organism comprises at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding a formaldehyde assimilation pathway enzyme expressed in a sufficient amount to produce an intermediate of glycolysis and/or a metabolic pathway that can be used in the formation of biomass, and wherein said formaldehyde assimilation pathway comprises a hexulose-6-phosphate synthase and a 6-phospho-3-hexuloisomerase.

6. The organism of claim 1 , wherein:

(a) said at least one exogenous nucleic acid is a heterologous nucleic acid;

(b) said organism is in a substantially anaerobic culture medium; and/or

(c) said organism is a species of bacteria, yeast, or fungus.

7. A method for producing 1,3-propanediol or glycerol; comprising culturing the organism of claim 1 under conditions and for a sufficient period of time to produce 1,3-propanediol or glycerol;

wherein said method optionally further comprises separating the 1,3-propanediol or glycerol from other components in the culture,

wherein the separation optionally comprises extraction, continuous liquid-liquid extraction, pervaporation, membrane filtration, membrane separation, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, distillation, crystallization, centrifugation, extractive filtration, ion exchange chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, adsorption chromatography, or ultrafiltration; and/or

wherein the organism is optionally a Crabtree positive, eukaryotic organism, and wherein the organism is cultured in a culture medium comprising glucose.

8. A method of producing formaldehyde, comprising culturing the organism of claim 1 under conditions and for a sufficient period of time to produce formaldehyde and optionally wherein the formaldehyde is consumed to provide a reducing equivalent or to incorporate into 1,3-propanediol, glycerol or another target product.

9. A method of producing an intermediate of glycolysis and/or an intermediate of a metabolic pathway that can be used in the formation of biomass, comprising culturing the organism of claim 5 under conditions and for a sufficient period of time to produce the intermediate, and optionally wherein the intermediate is consumed to provide a reducing equivalent or to incorporate into 1,3-propanediol, glycerol or another target product.

10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the organism is cultured in a medium comprising biomass, glucose, xylose, arabinose, galactose, mannose, fructose, sucrose, starch, glycerol, methanol, carbon dioxide, formate, methane, or any combination thereof as a carbon source.

11. The organism of claim 2 , wherein the organism comprises two, three, or four exogenous nucleic acids, each encoding the 1,3-propanediol pathway enzyme.

12. The organism of claim 2 , wherein said at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding the 1,3-propanediol pathway enzyme is a heterologous nucleic acid.

13. The organism of claim 1 , wherein said organism comprises the glycerol pathway, and wherein said organism comprises at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding the glycerol pathway enzyme expressed in a sufficient amount to produce glycerol.

14. The organism of claim 13 , wherein the organism comprises two exogenous nucleic acids, each encoding the glycerol pathway.

15. The organism of claim 13 , wherein said at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding the glycerol pathway enzyme is a heterologous nucleic acid.

16. The organism of claim 5 , wherein the intermediate is a hexulose-6-phosphate, a fructose-6-phosphate, or a combination thereof.

17. The organism of claim 1 , further comprising a formaldehyde assimilation pathway, wherein said organism comprises at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding a formaldehyde assimilation pathway enzyme expressed in a sufficient amount to produce an intermediate of glycolysis and/or a metabolic pathway that can be used in the formation of biomass, and wherein said formaldehyde assimilation pathway comprises a dihydroxyacetone synthase and a dihydroxyacetone kinase.

18. The organism of claim 17 , wherein the intermediate is a dihydroxyacetone, a dihydroxyacetone phosphate, or a combination thereof.

19. The organism of claim 17 , wherein the organism comprises two exogenous nucleic acids, each encoding the formaldehyde assimilation pathway enzyme.

20. The organism of claim 5 , wherein the organism comprises two exogenous nucleic acids, each encoding the formaldehyde assimilation pathway enzyme.