Molecular subtyping, prognosis, and treatment of bladder cancer
The present invention relates to methods, systems and kits for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of bladder cancer in a subject. The invention also provides biomarkers that define subgroups of bladder cancer, clinically useful classifiers for distinguishing bladder cancer subtypes, bioinformatic methods for determining clinically useful classifiers, and methods of use of each of the foregoing. The methods, systems and kits can provide expression-based analysis of biomarkers for purposes of subtyping bladder cancer in a subject. Further disclosed herein, in certain instances, are probe sets for use in subtyping bladder cancer in a subject. Classifiers for subtyping a bladder cancer are provided. Methods of treating bladder cancer based on molecular subtyping are also provided.
1. A method for treating a subject with muscle-invasive bladder cancer, the method comprising:
a) obtaining or having obtained an expression level of a plurality of genes in a biological sample obtained from a subject with muscle-invasive bladder cancer, wherein the plurality of genes are selected from Intercept, TMEM45B, ERBB2, TNFRSF21, FLRT3, SPINK1, LRRC37A2, SCCPDH, UGT1A3, ZNF486, UGT1A8, PPARG, UGT1A1, AHR, EPCAM, PVRL4, UGT1A4, IGFBP3, S100P, PTPRM, NQO1, RNF138P1, CPSF6, GATA3, UGT1A5, UGT1A10, ELF3, AGR2, EHF, SLC14A1, CXCL17, TMSB10, CCL5, MMP12, SAT1, CD68, ANXA1, IFITM2, KRT5, GJB2, MT1L, NDRG1, ASPN, SULF1, EFEMP1, G0S2, TIMP3, MUC16, GBP1, CGB2, SNAI2, DDIT4, CTSK, GBP5, C3, VIM, BGN, TGFBI, TIMP2, SAA1, LAMC2, FBP1, BAMBI, PAQR7, IGFL1, TMPRSS2, PLXNB2, MAL, TBX3, CRISP3, SCNN1B, RNF128, KRT7, KRT8, ADAM10, SNX31, KRT18, UPK3A, PSCA, UPK2, AHNAK, SPP1, TWIST2, SPARCL1, CASP14, MMP1, LAPTM5, MMP13, DUSP1, HIST1H2BF, GABRP, CFH, SFRP2, SERPINB3, MGP, FGFBP1, SAMD9, ITGA6, MALL, MYL9, IER3, SPRR2F, MMP2, HLA-DRA, DCN, TPM2, HLA-A, LYZ, LUM, COL3A1, POSTN, IFI30, CD74, VCAN, CALD1, COL1A2, HLA-DRB5, OLFM4, THBS2, KRT23, MYH11, CLDN1, RARRES1, HPGD, ACER2, RALBP1, GSTM3, BTBD16, MACC1, SEMASA, ACOX1, GSTM2, CYP4Z2P, ZNF91, STS, TOX3, PLP2, TACSTD2, ATP8B1, GRHL3, TNC, TPX2, DSP, TIMP1, UPK1B, DHRS2, PTN, SNCG, ACTG2, and SYTL2;
b) subtyping the muscle-invasive bladder cancer of the subject according to a genomic subtyping classifier based on the expression level of each of the plurality of genes, wherein said subtyping comprises assigning the muscle-invasive bladder cancer to one of four subtypes selected from the group consisting of a claudin-low subtype, a basal subtype, a luminal-infiltrated subtype, and a luminal non-infiltrated subtype; and
c) administering neoadjuvant chemotherapy to the subject when the subtyping of step b) indicates that the subject has the basal subtype and administering an anti-cancer treatment other than the neoadjuvant chemotherapy to the subject when the subtyping of step b) indicates that the subject has the luminal-infiltrated subtype, the luminal non-infiltrated subtype, or the claudin-low subtype, wherein the anti-cancer treatment other than neoadjuvant chemotherapy is selected from the group consisting of surgery, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, biological therapy, hormonal therapy, and photodynamic therapy.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the neoadjuvant chemotherapy comprises administering cisplatin.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biological sample is a biopsy.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biological sample is a urine sample or a bladder tumor sample.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biological sample is a transurethral resection (TUR) specimen.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is a human being.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the level of expression is increased or reduced compared to a control.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said level of expression is obtained by performing in situ hybridization, a PCR-based method, an array-based method, an immunohistochemical method, an RNA assay method, or an immunoassay method.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein said level of expression is obtained by using a reagent selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid probe, one or more nucleic acid primers, and an antibody.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein said level of expression is obtained by measuring the level of an RNA transcript.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein after administering neoadjuvant chemotherapy to the subject when the subtyping of step b) indicates that the subject has the basal subtype, the method further comprises administering one cancer treatment selected from the group consisting of surgery, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, biological therapy, hormonal therapy, and photodynamic therapy.