Electrochromic device and method for making electrochromic device
A method for lithiating an electrochromic device comprise forming a first transparent conductive layer on a substrate, forming an electrochromic structure on the first transparent conductive layer, forming a second transparent conductive layer on the electrochromic structure, and lithiating the electrochromic structure through the second transparent conductive layer. In one exemplary embodiment lithiating the electrochromic structure comprises lithiating the electrochromic structure at a temperature range of between about room temperature and about 500 C for the duration of the lithiation process. In another exemplary embodiment, lithiating the electrochromic structure further comprises lithiating the electrochromic structure by using at least one of sputtering, evaporation, laser ablation and exposure to a lithium salt. The electrochromic device can be configured in either a “forward” or a “reverse” stack configuration.
1. A method of fabricating an electrochromic device, the method comprising:
a. depositing on a transparent substrate, having a first transparent conductive layer thereon, a stack comprising an electrochromic layer, an ion conductor layer and a counter electrode layer; where the ion conductor layer is between the counter electrode layer and the electrochromic layer, and the first transparent conductive layer is between the transparent substrate and the stack;
b. depositing a first sublayer of a second transparent conductive layer on either the electrochromic layer or the counter electrode layer, where the first sublayer is between about 10 nm and about 500 nm thick, and where the first sublayer is deposited on top of the stack;
c. lithiating the electrochromic layer, the counter electrode layer, or the stack through the deposited first sublayer; and
d. depositing a second sublayer of the second transparent conductive layer.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first sublayer is about 20 nm thick.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein c. is performed at a temperature of between about room temperature and about 500° C.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second sublayer is between about 10 nm and about 500 nm thick.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein c. is performed by at least one of sputtering, evaporation, laser ablation and exposure to a lithium salt.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein c. is performed by sputtering.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrochromic layer comprises tungsten oxide, vanadium oxide, niobium oxide or iridium oxide.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrochromic layer comprises tungsten oxide.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the counter electrode layer comprises nickel oxide, tungsten-doped nickel oxide or iridium oxide.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the counter electrode layer comprises tungsten-doped nickel oxide.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ion conductor layer comprises SiO 2 , TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 or Ta 2 O 5 .
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second transparent conductive layer comprises indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide or fluorine-doped aluminum oxide.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and second transparent conductive layers have conductivities of less than 20 Ohms per square.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein depositing on a transparent substrate the stack comprises: depositing the electrochromic layer or the counter electrode layer on the first transparent conductive layer.