3D printing ink containing a cyclopolymerizable monomer
In one aspect, inks for use with a three-dimensional (3D) printing system are described herein. In some embodiments, an ink described herein comprise 10-70 wt. % or 20-40 wt. % of a cyclopolymerizable monomer, based on the total weight of the ink. The cyclopolymerizable monomer comprises an acrylate moiety and an ethenyl or ethynyl moiety, and the α-carbon of the acrylate moiety and the α-carbon of the ethenyl or ethynyl moiety may have a 1,5-, 1,6-, 1,7-, or 1,8-relationship. Additionally, an ink described herein can have a viscosity of 1600 centipoise (cP) or less at 30° C., or of 500 cP or less at 30° C. and can be used to print a desired 3D article having mechanical properties similar to those of articles formed from thermoplastic materials.
1. A method of printing a three-dimensional article comprising:
selectively depositing layers of an ink in a fluid state onto a substrate to form the three-dimensional article;
partially curing the ink prior to completion of deposition of all layers of the ink; and
post-curing the ink following completion of deposition of all layers of the ink,
wherein the ink comprises 10-70 wt. % cyclopolymerizable monomer, based on the total weight of the ink,
wherein the cyclopolymerizable monomer comprises an acrylate moiety and an ethenyl or ethynyl moiety, and
wherein the α-carbon of the acrylate moiety and the α-carbon of the ethenyl or ethynyl moiety have a 1,5-, 1,6-, 1,7-, or 1,8-relationship;
wherein partially curing the ink primarily comprises polymerizing the acrylate-containing species of the ink via acrylate polymerization; and
wherein post-curing the ink primarily comprises cyclopolymerizing the acrylate moiety and the ethenyl or ethynyl moiety of the cyclopolymerizable monomer, and wherein partially curing and post-curing each comprise photocuring.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cyclopolymerizable monomer is present in the ink in an amount of 20-40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the ink.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cyclopolymerizable monomer has the structure of Formula (I):
wherein X is O, S, NH, NR 5 , or CR 5 R 6 ;
R 1 is H or a hydrocarbon group having 1-10 carbon atoms;
R 2 is a hydrocarbon group having 1-4 carbon atoms;
R 3 is a hydrocarbon group having 1-4 carbon atoms;
R 4 is HC═CH 2 or C≡CH;
R 5 is a hydrocarbon group having 1-4 carbon atoms;
R 6 is a hydrocarbon group having 1-4 carbon atoms; and
the total number of carbon atoms of R 2 and R 3 does not exceed 5.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the cyclopolymerizable monomer has the structure of Formula (II):
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ink further comprises:
10-80 wt. % oligomeric curable material; and
up to 80 wt. % additional monomeric curable material, based on the total weight of the ink.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein a light source for post-curing the ink has a higher energy than a light source used for partially cutting the ink.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ink further comprises:
10-80 wt. % acrylate oligomeric curable material; and
up to 80 wt. % additional monomeric curable material, based on the total weight of the ink.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the additional monomeric curable material is acrylate monomeric curable material.
9. A method of printing a three-dimensional article comprising:
retaining an ink in a fluid state in a container;
selectively applying energy to the ink in the container to solidify at least a portion of a first fluid layer of the ink, thereby forming a first solidified layer that defines a first cross-section of the article;
raising or lowering the first solidified layer to provide a second fluid layer of the ink at a surface of the fluid ink in the container;
selectively applying energy to the ink in the container to solidify at least a portion of the second fluid layer of the ink, thereby forming a second solidified layer that defines a second cross-section of the article, the first cross-section and the second cross-section being bonded to one another in a z-direction; and
post-curing the three-dimensional article following formation of the three-dimensional article,
wherein selectively applying energy to the ink in the container comprises partially curing the ink;
wherein the ink comprises 10-70 wt. % cyclopolymerizable monomer, based on the total weight of the ink;
wherein the cyclopolymerizable monomer comprises an acrylate moiety and an ethenyl or ethynyl moiety; and
wherein the α-carbon of the acrylate moiety and the α-carbon of the ethenyl or ethynyl moiety have a 1,5-, 1,6-, 1,7-, or 1,8-relationship;
wherein partially curing the ink primarily comprises polymerizing the acrylate-containing species of the ink via acrylate polymerization; and
wherein post-curing the ink primarily comprises cyclopolymerizing the acrylate moiety and the ethenyl or ethynyl moiety of the cyclopolymerizable monomer, and wherein partially curing and post-curing each comprise photocuring.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the cyclopolymerizable monomer is present in the ink in an amount of 20-40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the ink.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the α-carbon of the acrylate moiety and the α-carbon of the ethenyl or ethynyl moiety have a 1,5-relationship.
12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the α-carbon of the acrylate moiety and the α-carbon of the ethenyl or ethynyl moiety have a 1,6-relationship, a 1,7-relationship, or a 1,8-relationship.
13. The method of claim 9 , wherein the cyclopolymerizable monomer has the structure of Formula (I):
wherein X is O, S, NH, NR 5 , or CR 5 R 6 ;
R 1 is H or a hydrocarbon group having 1-10 carbon atoms;
R 2 is a hydrocarbon group having 1-4 carbon atoms;
R 3 is a hydrocarbon group having 1-4 carbon atoms;
R 4 is HC═CH 2 or C≡CH;
R 5 is a hydrocarbon group having 1-4 carbon atoms;
R 6 is a hydrocarbon group having 1-4 carbon atoms; and
the total number of carbon atoms of R 2 and R 3 does not exceed 5.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein X is O.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein X is S, NH, NR 5 , or CR 5 R 6 .
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the total number of carbon atoms of R 2 and R 3 does not exceed 3.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the total number of carbon atoms of R 2 and R 3 is 2.
18. The method of claim 13 , wherein the cyclopolymerizable monomer has the structure of Formula (II):
19. The method of claim 9 , wherein the ink further comprises:
10-80 wt. % oligomeric curable material; and
up to 80 wt. % additional monomeric curable material, based on the total weight of the ink.
20. The method of claim 9 , wherein the ink further comprises at least one photoinitiator, at least one colorant, or one or more additives selected from the group consisting of inhibitors and stabilizing agents.
21. The method of claim 9 , wherein a light source for post-curing the ink has a higher energy than a light source used for partially cutting the ink.