IP Library › Granted Patent US 12,362,562
Granted Patent B2
US 12,362,562 · App. 15/887,575 · Granted Jul 15, 2025

Frequency response control system with clipping parameter determination

Inventors: Ryan A. Baumgartner (Milwaukee, WI); Michael J. Wenzel (Grafton, WI); Kirk H. Drees (Cedarburg, WI)
Assignee: Tyco Fire & Security GmbH
H02J3/12H02J3/24H02J3/241H02J3/32H02J7/0068H02J3/28H02J2203/20
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,362,562
App. No.
15/887,575
Granted
Jul 15, 2025
Kind
B2
Abstract

A frequency response optimization system includes a battery, a power inverter, and a frequency response controller. The battery is configured to store and discharge electric power. The power inverter is configured to control an amount of the electric power stored or discharged from the battery. The frequency response controller includes a high level controller configured to determine values of clipping parameters and a low level controller configured to use the values of the clipping parameters to modify battery power setpoints. The power inverter is configured to use the modified battery power setpoints to control the amount of the electric power stored or discharged from the battery.

Claims (85)

1. A frequency response control system comprising:

a battery configured to store and discharge electric power;

a power inverter configured to control an amount of the electric power stored or discharged from the battery at each of a plurality of time steps during a frequency response period; and

a frequency response controller comprising:

a high level controller configured to generate values of clipping parameters by performing an optimization of an objective function, the values of the clipping parameters generated as a result of the optimization and comprising a maximum allowable change in a rate at which the power is stored in the battery or discharged from the battery between consecutive time steps; and

a low level controller configured to use the maximum allowable change in the rate at which the power is stored in the battery or discharged in the battery between consecutive time steps to modify battery power setpoints;

wherein the power inverter is configured to use the modified battery power setpoints to control the amount of the electric power stored or discharged from the battery.

2. The frequency response control system of claim 1 , wherein the optimization is performed by:

generating the objective function, wherein the objective function accounts for both frequency response revenue and a cost of battery degradation as a function of the battery power setpoints modified by the clipping parameters; and

optimizing the objective function to generate the values of the clipping parameters.

3. The frequency response control system of claim 1 , wherein the clipping parameters comprise at least one of:

a battery charging power parameter that defines a maximum allowable rate at which the electric power can be stored in the battery; or

a battery discharging power parameter that defines a maximum allowable rate at which the electric power can be discharged from the battery.

4. The frequency response control system of claim 3 , wherein using the values of the clipping parameters to modify the battery power setpoints comprises:

comparing a battery power setpoint to the battery charging power parameter and the battery discharging power parameter;

setting the battery power setpoint equal to the battery charging power parameter in response to a determination that the battery power setpoint would cause the battery to charge at a rate that violates the battery charging power parameter; and

setting the battery power setpoint equal to the battery discharging power parameter in response to a determination that the battery power setpoint would cause the battery to discharge at a rate that violates the battery discharging power parameter.

5. The frequency response control system of claim 1 , wherein the clipping parameters comprise at least one of:

a change in charging power parameter that defines the maximum allowable change in the rate at which the power is stored in the battery between consecutive time steps; or

a change in discharging power parameter that defines the maximum allowable change in the rate at which the power is discharged from the battery between consecutive time steps.

6. The frequency response control system of claim 5 , wherein using the values of the clipping parameters to modify the battery power setpoints comprises:

calculating a difference between a first battery power setpoint for a first time step and a second battery power setpoint for a second time step consecutive with the first time step;

comparing the difference to the change in charging power parameter; and

setting the second battery power setpoint equal to the first battery power setpoint plus or minus the change in charging power parameter in response to a determination that the difference exceeds the change in charging power parameter.

7. The frequency response control system of claim 5 , wherein using the values of the clipping parameters to modify the battery power setpoints comprises:

calculating a difference between a first battery power setpoint for a first time step and a second battery power setpoint for a second time step consecutive with the first time step;

comparing the difference to the change in discharging power parameter; and

setting the second battery power setpoint equal to the first battery power setpoint plus or minus the change in discharging power parameter in response to a determination that the difference exceeds the change in discharging power parameter.

8. The frequency response control system of claim 1 , wherein the frequency response controller is configured to:

receive a frequency regulation signal from an incentive provider;

transform the frequency regulation signal into a power signal comprising a time series of the battery power setpoints.

9. The frequency response control system of claim 8 , wherein the frequency response controller is configured to adjust the modified battery power setpoints to reduce a delay between:

a first time at which the frequency regulation signal or the power signal has a value of zero; and

a second time at which the modified battery power setpoints have a value of zero.

10. The frequency response control system of claim 9 , wherein adjusting the modified battery power setpoints comprises:

predicting a number of time steps between a current time step and a future time step at which the frequency regulation signal or the power signal has a value of zero;

setting a zero cross bound based on the predicted number of time steps and a maximum allowable change in the modified battery power setpoints between consecutive time steps; and

causing the modified battery power setpoints to begin approaching zero in response to a determination that a modified battery power setpoint for the current time step is outside the zero cross bound.

11. The frequency response control system of claim 1 , wherein the power inverter is configured to use the modified battery power setpoints to control the amount of electric power stored or discharged from the battery by:

comparing at least one of (i) a battery power setpoint or (ii) a difference between the battery power setpoint and a previous battery power setpoint to a threshold based on the values of the clipping parameters;

adjusting the battery power setpoint in response to a determination that the battery power setpoint or the difference violates the threshold.

12. A method for controlling an amount of electric power stored or discharged from a battery in a frequency response control system, the method comprising:

operating a high level controller to generate values of clipping parameters by performing an optimization of on objective function, the values of the clipping parameters being decision variables of the optimization and generated as a result of the optimization and comprising at least one of (i) a maximum allowable rate at which power is stored in the battery or discharged from the battery or (ii) a maximum allowable change in a rate at which the power is stored in the battery or discharged from the battery between consecutive time steps;

providing at least one of (i) the maximum allowable rate at which the power is stored in the battery or discharged from the battery or (ii) the maximum allowable change in the rate at which the power is stored in the battery or discharged from the battery between consecutive time steps from the high level controller to a low level controller;

operating the low level controller to modify battery power setpoints using at least one of (i) the maximum allowable rate at which the power is stored in the battery or discharged from the battery or (ii) the maximum allowable change in the rate at which the power is stored in the battery or discharged from the battery between consecutive time steps; and

using the modified battery power setpoints to control the amount of the electric power stored or discharged from the battery.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the optimization is performed by:

generating the objective function, wherein the objective function accounts for both frequency response revenue and a cost of battery degradation as a function of the battery power setpoints modified by the clipping parameters; and

optimizing the objective function to generate the values of the clipping parameters.

14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the clipping parameters comprise at least one of:

a battery charging power parameter that defines a maximum allowable rate at which the electric power can be stored in the battery; or

a battery discharging power parameter that defines a maximum allowable rate at which the electric power can be discharged from the battery.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein using the values of the clipping parameters to modify the battery power setpoints comprises:

comparing a battery power setpoint to the battery charging power parameter and the battery discharging power parameter;

setting the battery power setpoint equal to the battery charging power parameter in response to a determination that the battery power setpoint would cause the battery to charge at a rate that violates the battery charging power parameter; and

setting the battery power setpoint equal to the battery discharging power parameter in response to a determination that the battery power setpoint would cause the battery to discharge at a rate that violates the battery discharging power parameter.

16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the clipping parameters comprise at least one of:

a change in charging power parameter that defines a maximum change in the amount of electric power stored in the battery between consecutive time steps; or

a change in discharging power parameter that defines a maximum change in the amount of electric power discharged from the battery between consecutive time steps.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein using the values of the clipping parameters to modify the battery power setpoints comprises:

calculating a difference between a first battery power setpoint for a first time step and a second battery power setpoint for a second time step consecutive with the first time step;

comparing the difference to the change in charging power parameter; and

setting the second battery power setpoint equal to the first battery power setpoint plus or minus the change in charging power parameter in response to a determination that the difference exceeds the change in charging power parameter.

18. The method of claim 16 , wherein using the values of the clipping parameters to modify the battery power setpoints comprises:

calculating a difference between a first battery power setpoint for a first time step and a second battery power setpoint for a second time step consecutive with the first time step;

comparing the difference to the change in discharging power parameter; and

setting the second battery power setpoint equal to the first battery power setpoint plus or minus the change in discharging power parameter in response to a determination that the difference exceeds the change in discharging power parameter.

19. The method of claim 12 , further comprising:

receiving a frequency regulation signal from an incentive provider;

transforming the frequency regulation signal into a power signal comprising a time series of the battery power setpoints.

20. The method of claim 19 , further comprising adjusting the modified battery power setpoints to reduce a delay between:

a first time at which the frequency regulation signal or the power signal has a value of zero; and

a second time at which the modified battery power setpoints have a value of zero;

wherein adjusting the modified battery power setpoints comprises:

predicting a number of time steps between a current time step and a future time step at which the frequency regulation signal or the power signal has a value of zero;

setting a zero cross bound based on the predicted number of time steps and a maximum allowable change in the modified battery power setpoints between consecutive time steps; and

causing the modified battery power setpoints to begin approaching zero in response to a determination that a modified battery power setpoint for the current time step is outside the zero cross bound.

21. A multi-building management system comprising:

building equipment that operate to affect a variable state or condition within one or more buildings;

a battery configured to store and discharge electric power for use in powering at least one of the building equipment or the one or more buildings;

a power inverter configured to control an amount of the electric power stored or discharged from the battery at each of a plurality of time steps during a frequency response period; and

a frequency response controller comprising:

a high level controller configured to generate values of clipping parameters by performing an optimization of an objective function, the values of the clipping parameters generated as a result of the optimization and comprising a maximum allowable change in a rate at which the power is stored in the battery or discharged from the battery between consecutive time steps; and

a low level controller configured to use the maximum allowable change in the rate at which the power is stored in the battery or discharged in the battery between consecutive time steps to modify battery power setpoints;

wherein the power inverter is configured to use the modified battery power setpoints to control the amount of the electric power stored or discharged from the battery.

Assignments (4)
NUNC PRO TUNC ASSIGNMENT Recorded Jun 9, 2025
From: JOHNSON CONTROLS TECHNOLOGY COMPANY
To: JOHNSON CONTROLS TYCO IP HOLDINGS LLP
Reel/Frame 071361/0645 →
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Apr 9, 2024
From: JOHNSON CONTROLS TYCO IP HOLDINGS LLP
To: TYCO FIRE & SECURITY GMBH
Reel/Frame 067056/0552 →
NUNC PRO TUNC ASSIGNMENT Recorded Feb 4, 2022
From: JOHNSON CONTROLS TECHNOLOGY COMPANY
To: JOHNSON CONTROLS TYCO IP HOLDINGS LLP
Reel/Frame 058959/0764 →
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded Feb 2, 2018
From: BAUMGARTNER, RYAN A.; WENZEL, MICHAEL J.; DREES, KIRK H.
To: JOHNSON CONTROLS TECHNOLOGY COMPANY
Reel/Frame 044823/0722 →
Continuity (1)
Related Publication 20190245368A1 · Aug 8, 2019
References Cited (110)
US 7580775B2 · Kulyk et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 7894946B2 · Kulyk et al. · 2011 [cited by applicant]
US 8527108B2 · Kulyk et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8527109B2 · Kulyk et al. · 2013 [cited by applicant]
US 8903554B2 · Stagner · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 8918223B2 · Kulyk et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 9110647B2 · Kulyk et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9429923B2 · Ward et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9447985B2 · Johnson · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9703339B2 · Kulyk et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 10056757B2 · Sakuma · 2018 [cited by examiner]
US 10139877B2 · Kulyk et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10614146B2 · Song · 2020 [cited by examiner]
US 10871756B2 · Johnson et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10908578B2 · Johnson et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 10921768B2 · Johnson et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11156978B2 · Johnson et al. · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 20060087291A1 · Yamauchi · 2006 [cited by examiner]
US 20070145954A1 · Kawahara · 2007 [cited by examiner]
US 20120200160A1 · Pratt · 2012 [cited by examiner]
US 20140162091A1 · Hatta · 2014 [cited by examiner]
US 20150380956A1 · Kaji · 2015 [cited by examiner]
US 20160211668A1 · Becker · 2016 [cited by examiner]
US 20160365726A1 · Bamberger · 2016 [cited by examiner]
US 20160377306A1 · Drees · 2016 [cited by examiner]
US 20170102162A1 · Drees et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170102433A1 · Wenzel et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170102434A1 · Wenzel et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170102675A1 · Drees · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170103483A1 · Drees et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170104332A1 · Wenzel et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170104336A1 · Elbsat et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170104337A1 · Drees · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170104342A1 · Elbsat et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170104343A1 · Elbsat et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170104344A1 · Wenzel et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170104345A1 · Wenzel et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170104346A1 · Wenzel et al. · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170104449A1 · Drees · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 20170285111A1 · Fife · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20170317528A1 · Fife · 2017 [cited by examiner]
US 20180031641A1 · Drees · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180034285A1 · Baumgartner et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180034286A1 · Dorneanu et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 20180138710A1 · Kocarev · 2018 [cited by examiner]
CA 2957726A1 · 2016 [cited by applicant]
CA 3043996A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
EP 3186687A4 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
EP 3248260A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
EP 3497377A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2014019607A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2017026287A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO WO2017062896A1 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
Extended European Search Report for EP Application No. 19154979.9, mailed Jun. 12, 2019, 8 pages. [cited by applicant]
Arthur J Helmicki, Clas A Jacobson, and Carl N Nett. Control Oriented System Identification: a Worstcase/deterministic Approach in H1. IEEE Transactions on Automatic control, 36(10):1163-1176, 1991. 13 pages. [cited by applicant]
Diederik Kingma and Jimmy Ba. Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), 2015, 15 pages. [cited by applicant]
George EP Box, Gwilym M Jenkins, Gregory C Reinsel, and Greta M Ljung. Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control. John Wiley & Sons, 2015, chapters 13-15. 82 pages. [cited by applicant]
Jie Chen and Guoxiang Gu. Control-oriented System Identification: an H1 Approach, vol. 19. Wiley-Interscience, 2000, chapters 3 & 8, 38 pages. [cited by applicant]
Jingjuan Dove Feng, Frank Chuang, Francesco Borrelli, and Fred Bauman. Model Predictive Control of Radiant Slab Systems with Evaporative Cooling Sources. Energy and Buildings, 87:199-210, 2015. 11 pages. [cited by applicant]
K. J. Astrom. Optimal Control of Markov Decision Processes with Incomplete State Estimation. J. Math. Anal. Appl., 10:174-205, 1965.31 pages. [cited by applicant]
Kelman and F. Borrelli. Bilinear Model Predictive Control of a HVAC System Using Sequential Quadratic Programming. In Proceedings of the 2011 IFAC World Congress, 2011, 6 pages. [cited by applicant]
Lennart Ljung and Torsten Soderstrom. Theory and practice of recursive identification, vol. 5. JSTOR, 1983, chapters 2, 3 & 7, 80 pages. [cited by applicant]
Lennart Ljung, editor. System Identification: Theory for the User (2nd Edition). Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1999, chapters 5 and 7, 40 pages. [cited by applicant]
Moritz Hardt, Tengyu Ma, and Benjamin Recht. Gradient Descent Learns Linear Dynamical Systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.05191, 2016, 44 pages. [cited by applicant]
Nevena et al. Data center cooling using model-predictive control, 10 pages. [cited by applicant]
Sergio Bittanti, Marco C Campi, et al. Adaptive Control of Linear Time Invariant Systems: The “Bet on the Best” Principle. Communications in Information & Systems, 6(4):299-320, 2006. 21 pages. [cited by applicant]
Yudong Ma, Anthony Kelman, Allan Daly, and Francesco Borrelli. Predictive Control for Energy Efficient Buildings with Thermal Storage: Modeling, Stimulation, and Experiments. IEEE Control Systems, 32(1):44-64, 2012. 20 … [cited by applicant]
Yudong Ma, Francesco Borrelli, Brandon Hencey, Brian Coffey, Sorin Bengea, and Philip Haves. Model Predictive Control for the Operation of Building Cooling Systems. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 20(3)… [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 15/474,511, filed Mar. 30, 2017. [cited by applicant]
U.S. Appl. No. 15/663,496, filed Jul. 28, 2017. [cited by applicant]
Office Action on EP 19154979.9, dated Oct. 20, 2020, 6 pages. [cited by applicant]
EP Office Action on EP Appl. Ser. No. 19154979.9 dated Dec. 22, 2021 (8 pages). [cited by applicant]
Calma, “Tesla promises cars that connect to the grid, even if Elon Musk doesn't really want them to,” The Verge, Sep. 23, 2020, https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/23/21451642/tesla-ev-electric- vehicle-energy-grid-battery-… [cited by applicant]
Coolinglogic, “CoolingLogic: Up early, saving billions.” URL: http://coolinglogic.com/documents/MarketingFlyer_FINAL_HiRes8.5x11.pdf, retrieved from internet Oct. 27, 2022 (1 page). [cited by applicant]
Delbert, “Tesla's Virtual Power Plant Is Already a Success, and it's only getting bigger,” Popular Mechanics, Apr. 10, 2020, https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a31977069/tesla-virtual-power- plant/; retrieved from… [cited by applicant]
Incomplete File of Communication with Various Companies, etc. in 2016 - 2021, URL: http://coolinglogic.com/documents/22072101_Letters_and_Signature_Receipts.pdf, published, as one document, on: Jul. 21, 2022 (211 pages). [cited by applicant]
Johnson Heating and Cooling L.L.C., “Divine Grace Building Automation (Images),” URL: http://cooljohnson.com/Building-Automation-Systems-Michigan/Oakland-County-Michigan/Building- Automation-Images.html, retrieved from … [cited by applicant]
Johnson Heating and Cooling L.L.C., “Divine Grace Building Automation,” URL: http://cooljohnson.com/Building-Automation-Systems-Michigan/Oakland-County-Michigan/Building- Automation-Divine-Grace.html, retrieved from int… [cited by applicant]
Johnson Heating and Cooling L.L.C., “Excel Rehabilitation Building Automation,” URL: http://cooljohnson.com/Building-Automation-Systems-Michigan/Waterford-Michigan/Building- Automation-System -- Excel.html, retrieved fr… [cited by applicant]
Johnson Heating and Cooling L.L.C., “Intertek Testing Services Building Automation,” URL: http://cooljohnson.com/Building-Automation-Systems-Michigan/Plymouth-Michigan/Building- Automation-System-Plymouth-Michigan.html,… [cited by applicant]
Johnson Heating and Cooling L.L.C., “Jla Medical Building Building Automation,” URL: http://cooljohnson.com/Building-Automation-Systems-Michigan/Waterford-Michigan/Building- Automation-System -- JLA.html, retrieved from… [cited by applicant]
Johnson Heating and Cooling L.L.C., “Mosaic Christian Building Automation (Images),” URL: http://cooljohnson.com/Building-Automation-Systems-Michigan/Detroit/Building-Automation- Images.html, retrieved from internet Oct… [cited by applicant]
Johnson Heating and Cooling L.L.C., “Mosaic Christian Building Automation,” URL: http://cooljohnson.com/Building-Automation-Systems-Michigan/Detroit/Mosaic-Christian.html, retrieved from internet Oct. 27, 2022 (5 pages). [cited by applicant]
Johnson Heating and Cooling L.L.C., “Shepherd's Gate Lutheran Church Building Automation,” URL: http://cooljohnson.com/Building-Automation-Systems-Michigan/Shelby-Township- Michigan/Building-Automation-Systems-SG.html, … [cited by applicant]
Johnson Heating and Cooling L.L.C., “St. Clair County Residence Building Automation,” URL: http://cooljohnson.com/Building-Automation-Systems-Michigan/St-Clair-Michigan/Building-Automation- System-St-Clair-Michigan.html… [cited by applicant]
Johnson Heating and Cooling L.L.C., “St. Joseph Mercy Oakland U. C. Building Automation,” URL: http://cooljohnson.com/Building-Automation-Systems-Michigan/Waterford-Michigan/Building- Automation-Systems-SJMO.html, retri… [cited by applicant]
Johnson Heating and Cooling L.L.C., “Waterford Internal Medicine Building Automation,” URL: http://cooljohnson.com/Building-Automation-Systems-Michigan/Waterford-Michigan/Building- Automation-Systems-WIM.html, retrieved… [cited by applicant]
Johnson Heating and Cooling, Llc, “Building Automation Clawson Michigan 2.0,” URL: http://cooljohnson.com/Building-Automation-Systems-Michigan/Clawson-Michigan/Building- Automation-Clawson-Manor-2.html, retrieved from t… [cited by applicant]
Johnson Heating and Cooling, Llc, “Building Automation Images Clawson Michigan 2.0,” URL: http://cooljohnson.com/Building-Automation-Systems-Michigan/Clawson-Michigan/Building- Automation-Clawson-Manor-2-Images.html, re… [cited by applicant]
Johnson Heating and Cooling, Llc, “Building Automation System Clawson Michigan Clawson Manor,” URL: http://cooljohnson.com/Building-Automation-Systems-Michigan/Clawson- Michigan/Building-Automation-System-Clawson-Manor.… [cited by applicant]
Johnson Heating and Cooling, Llc, “Building Automation System in Michigan Images,” URL: http://cooljohnson.com/Building-Automation-Systems-Michigan/Macomb-County-Michigan/Building- Automation-Images.html; retrieved from… [cited by applicant]
Johnson Heating and Cooling, Llc, “Building Automation System in Michigan,” URL: http://cooljohnson.com/Building-Automation-Systems-Michigan/Macomb-County-Michigan/Building- Automation-Confidential-Customer.html; retrie… [cited by applicant]
Johnson Solid State Llc, “Building Automation Equipment,” URL: http://cooljohnson.com/Video/Building_Automation/Confidential_Customer_BLD_2/Building_Automatio n_Equipment.mp4, retrieved from internet Oct. 27, 2022 (35 p… [cited by applicant]
Johnson Solid State Llc, “Building Automation Gui,” Url: http://cooljohnson.com/Video/Building_Automation/Confidential_Customer_BLD_2/Building_Automatio n_GUI.mp4, retrieved from internet Oct. 27, 2022 (24 pages). [cited by applicant]
Johnson Solid State Llc, “Cooling Logic Overview,” URL: http://coolinglogic.com/documents/CoolingLogic_Overview_High_Quality.mp4, retrieved from internet Oct. 27, 2022 (16 pages). [cited by applicant]
Johnson Solid State Llc, “So what is CoolingLogic™?” URL: http://coolinglogic.com/Coolinglogic-How-it-Works.html, retrieved from the internet Oct. 27, 2022 (3 pages). [cited by applicant]
Johnson, David, “A Method to Increase HVAC System Efficiency And Decrease Energy Consumption,” White Paper: Johnson Solid State, Llc, Url: http://coolinglogic.com/documents/16102106_White_Paper_High_Resolution_Protected… [cited by applicant]
Johnson, David, “CoolingLogic™: Changing the Way You Cool,” Report: Johnson Solid State, Llc, Url: http://coolinglogic.com/documents/18111303_Changing_the_way_you_Cool.pdf, Nov. 7, 2018 (12 pages). [cited by applicant]
Johnson, David, “CoolingLogic™: Mosaic Christian Church A Case Study,” Report: Johnson Solid State, Llc, Url: http://coolinglogic.com/documents/19020301_Mosaic_Christian_Coolinglogic_Case_Study.pdf, Feb. 2, 2019 (140 pa… [cited by applicant]
Johnson, David, “Excel Rehabilitation Building Automation: Building Automation System User Manual ,” URL: http://cooljohnson.com/Building-Automation-Systems-Michigan/Waterford- Michigan/Building-Automation-System-Excel-… [cited by applicant]
Johnson, David, “Temperature Control System and Methods for Operating Same,” Pre-Publication printout of U.S. Appl. No. 15/231,943, filed Aug. 9, 2016, URL: http://coolinglogic.com/documents/16080901_CIP_As_Filed.pdf (9… [cited by applicant]
Lambert, “Honda is working on bi-directional charging technology for its electric vehicles, installs station at HQ,” Elektrek, Dec. 7, 2017, https://electrek.co/2017/12/07/honda-bi-directional- charging-technology-elect… [cited by applicant]
Lambert, “Nissan launches 'Nissan Energy' to commercialize vehicle-to-home/building with the Leaf,” Elektrek, Nov. 28, 2018, https://electrek.co/2018/11/28/nissan-energy-leaf-vehicle-to- home-building/, retrieved from t… [cited by applicant]
Lambert, “Tesla announces unlimited overnight charging for $30 per month,” Elektrek, Mar. 1, 2023, https://electrek.co/2023/03/01/tesla-unlimited-overnight-charging-30-month/; retrieved from the internet May 1, 2023 (6 … [cited by applicant]
Lambert, “Tesla launches new feature to help solar homeowners charge with excess solar power,” Elektrek, Mar. 16, 2023, https://electrek.co/2023/03/16/tesla-launches-feature-help-solar- homeowners-charge-excess-solar-po… [cited by applicant]
Lopatto, “I went to Australia to test out Tesla's vision of the future,” The Verge, Jun. 25, 2019, https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/25/18715585/tesla-australia-renewable-energy-houses-electrical- grid-battery-installatio… [cited by applicant]
Lyons, “Here are Tesla's biggest announcements from Battery Day,” The Verge, Sep. 22, 2020, https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/22/21450840/tesla-battery-day-production-elon-musk-tabless-range-cathode-cobalt-plaid; retrieve… [cited by applicant]
Shahan, “Tesla Cto Jb Straubel on Why EVs Selling Electricity to The Grid Is Not As Swell As It Sounds,” Clean Technica, Aug. 22, 2016, https://cleantechnica.com/2016/08/22/vehicle-to-grid- used-ev-batteries-grid-storag… [cited by applicant]
TESLA - “How Powerwall Works” tesla.com, Publication Date: Unknown; first date this website was archived on the Wayback Machine was May 13, 2020, https://www.tesla.com/support/energy/powerwall/learn/how-powerwall-works;… [cited by applicant]
Walton, “Tesla software update allows Powerwall 2 owners to optimize for time-varying rates,” Utility Dive, May 15, 2018, https://www.utilitydive.com/news/tesla-software-update-allows-powerwall-2- owners-to-optimize-for… [cited by applicant]