Systems, devices and methods including galvanic and caloric vestibular stimulation

1. A method of vestibular neurostimulation, comprising:

delivering a modulated electrical signal to a patient through galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS); and

delivering a time varying thermal waveform to the patient through caloric vestibular stimulation (CVS) simultaneous with the delivery of the modulated electrical signal through GVS,

wherein the modulated electrical signal delivered through GVS and/or the time varying thermal waveform delivered through CVS is configured to increase a passage of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) through a blood-brain-barrier.

2. The method of claim 1 ,

wherein the time varying thermal waveform is delivered via an earpiece that is configured to be inserted in an ear of the patient,

wherein the earpiece comprises an electrode, and

wherein the modulated electrical signal is delivered via the electrode.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the modulated electrical signal is configured to excite different frequencies in a brain of the patient than the time varying thermal waveform.

4. The method of claim 3 ,

wherein the modulated electrical signal is configured to excite frequencies in the brain of the patient greater than 1 Hz, and

wherein the time varying thermal waveform is configured to excite frequencies in the brain of the patient less than 1 Hz.

5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the modulated electrical signal is configured to excite frequencies in the brain of the patient that are at least 10 times greater than a maximum of frequencies in the brain of the patient that the time varying thermal waveform is configured to excite.

6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

controlling the modulated electrical signal and the time varying thermal waveform to maintain a defined phase difference between the modulated electrical signal and the time varying thermal waveform.

7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising:

controlling the modulated electrical signal to be approximately 180° out of phase with the time varying thermal waveform.

8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

producing a net stimulation at a beat frequency equal to a difference between a frequency of the modulated electrical signal and a frequency of the time varying thermal waveform by controlling the frequency of the modulated electrical signal relative to the frequency of the time varying thermal waveform.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the time varying thermal waveform is configured to facilitate production of oscillations in a cerebral blood flow.

10. The method of claim 9 , further comprising:

sequentially applying a plurality of time varying thermal waveforms;

measuring respective cerebral blood flow oscillations resulting from the plurality of time varying thermal waveforms; and

selecting at least one of the plurality of time varying thermal waveforms that produces an effective amplitude of cerebral blood flow oscillations,

wherein the delivering the time varying thermal waveform to the patient through CVS simultaneous with the delivery of the modulated electrical signal through GVS comprises delivering the selected at least one of the plurality of time varying thermal waveforms.

11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the modulated electrical signal is configured to activate a subset of brain regions for the increase in passage of IGF-1 through the blood-brain-barrier.

12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising:

introducing a positron-emitting radionuclide; and

using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning to detect the increase in passage of IGF-1 through the blood-brain-barrier.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the positron-emitting radionuclide is a PET label on IGF-1.

14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the positron-emitting radionuclide is a PET label on glucose.

15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the positron-emitting radionuclide is a PET label on oxygen.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the modulated electrical signal and/or the time varying thermal waveform are configured to reduce symptoms of a neurological disease.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the modulated electrical signal and/or the time varying thermal waveform are configured to reduce symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the modulated electrical signal and/or the time varying thermal waveform are configured to reduce symptoms of migraine headache.