Flowback resistant proppants
A resin coated proppant capable of self-bonding at temperatures as low as 70° F. (˜21° C.) is made from an aqueous dispersion of a self-bonding vinyl aromatic/acrylic ester addition copolymer.
1. A curable resin coated proppant comprising:
a proppant particle and
a curable coating on the proppant particle, wherein the curable coating:
comprises an addition copolymer of a vinyl aromatic comonomer and an acrylic ester comonomer comprising an alkyl ester of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or both and one or more alkyl groups containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, wherein the addition copolymer self-bonds at temperatures of 150° F. (˜66° C.) or less, wherein the self-bonding improves fracture conductivity of the curable resin coated proppant over a proppant particle that is uncoated with the curable coating under pressures between 2,000-6,000 psi,
has an Unconfined Compressive Strength (“UCS”) value of at least 10 psi (˜69,000 N/m 2 ) at 70° F. (˜21° C.), and
is formed by adding the proppant particle to an aqueous dispersion of the addition copolymer at a temperature of 250° F. (121° C.) or less and drying without heating to above 250° F. (121° C.).
2. The curable resin coated proppant of claim 1 , wherein the vinyl aromatic comonomer is at least one of styrene, α-methyl styrene and vinyl toluene.
3. The curable resin coated proppant of claim 2 , wherein the addition copolymer is an acrylic acid ester/styrene copolymer.
4. The curable resin coated proppant of claim 1 , wherein the resin coated proppant exhibits a UCS value of at least 20 psi (˜138,000 N/m 2 ) at 70° F. (˜21° C.).
5. The curable resin coated proppant of claim 1 , wherein the resin coated proppant exhibits a UCS value of at least 40 psi (˜275,000 N/m 2 ) at 150° F. (˜66° C.).
6. The curable resin coated proppant of claim 1 , wherein the addition copolymer is capable of self-bonding at temperatures of 70° F. (˜21° C.) or less.
7. The curable resin coated proppant of claim 1 , wherein the amount of curable coating is 0.3 to ≤1.4 wt. %, based on the weight of the proppant particle on a dry weight basis.
8. The curable resin coated proppant of claim 1 , wherein the curable coating has been made from a self-crosslinking acrylic dispersion or emulsion.
9. The curable resin coated proppant of claim 7 , wherein an amount of curable coating is ≤1.1 wt. %, based on the weight of the proppant particle on a dry weight basis.
10. The curable resin coated proppant of claim 7 , wherein an amount of curable coating is ≤0.7 wt. %, based on the weight of the proppant particle on a dry weight basis.
11. The curable resin coated proppant of claim 7 , further comprising a coating of an anti-caking agent on the curable coating.
12. The curable resin coated proppant of claim 1 , wherein the addition copolymer contains at least 10 wt. % of an acrylic ester comonomer.
13. The curable resin coated proppant of claim 12 , wherein the addition copolymer contains at least 20 wt. % acrylic ester comonomer.
14. The curable resin coated proppant of claim 13 , wherein the addition copolymer contains at least 35 wt. % acrylic ester comonomer.
15. The curable resin coated proppant of claim 14 , wherein the addition copolymer contains at least 40 wt. % acrylic ester comonomer.
16. The curable resin coated proppant of claim 1 , wherein the addition copolymer comprises the vinyl aromatic comonomer, the acrylic ester comonomer and one or more other addition comonomers selected from the group consisting of vinyl chloride, vinyl alcohol, vinyl acetate, maleic acid, fumaric acid and itaconic acid.
17. The curable resin coated proppant of claim 16 , wherein the addition copolymer consists of the vinyl aromatic comonomer and the acrylic ester comonomer.
18. The curable resin coated proppant of claim 17 , wherein the addition copolymer comprises acrylic acid ester and styrene.