Modulators

1. An allosteric IgG antibody that binds to (i) insulin receptor or (ii) a complex comprising insulin and insulin receptor, or both (i) and (ii), with an equilibrium dissociation constant K D of 10 −5 M or less that is capable of weakening the binding affinity between insulin and insulin receptor by at least about 3-fold, optionally up to 1000-fold, wherein the antibody comprises (a) a first heavy chain CDR, a second heavy chain CDR, and a third heavy chain CDR set out in SEQ ID NO: 279, and (b) a first light chain CDR, a second light chain CDR, and a third light chain CDR set out in SEQ ID NO: 139.

2. The antibody of claim 1 , wherein said antibody is a monoclonal antibody, optionally a human antibody.

3. A method of preparing a sterile pharmaceutical composition, comprising adding a sterile pharmaceutically acceptable diluent to an antibody of claim 1 .

4. A sterile composition comprising the antibody of claim 1 and a sterile pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.

5. A method of treating a condition associated with hyperinsulinemia or excess insulin signaling, comprising administering an antibody of claim 1 in an amount effective to treat hypoglycemia or insulin sensitivity.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the condition is selected from the group consisting of cancer, insulinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, insulin overdose, hypoglycemia, nesidioblastosis (KATP-HI Diffuse Disease, KATP-HI Focal Disease, or “PHHI”), GDH-HI (Hyperinsulinism/Hyperammonaemia Syndrome (HI/HA), leucine-sensitive hypoglycemia, or diazoxide-sensitive hypoglycemia), islet cell dysregulation syndrome, idiopathic hypoglycemia of infancy, Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia of Infancy (PHHI), Congenital Hyperinsulinism, hypoglycemia due to renal failure (acute or chronic), and hypoglycemia due to chronic kidney disease.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein the condition is hypoglycemia.

8. The method of claim 6 wherein the condition is congenital hyperinsulinism.

9. The method of claim 5 wherein the treatment increases fasting blood glucose in a subject.

10. An IgG antibody that binds insulin receptor and that comprises a variable heavy chain region having a sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 279 and a variable light chain region having a sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 139.

11. The antibody of claim 1 , wherein the binding affinity is any one of K A , K D , the ratio of on rate to off rate, or the ratio of off rate to on rate.

12. The antibody of claim 1 , wherein the antibody increases the EC50 of insulin signaling activity by about 2-fold to 1000-fold, optionally in a pAKT assay.

13. The antibody of claim 1 , wherein the IgG is a human IgG2 or IgG4 heavy chain constant region.

14. The antibody of claim 13 , further comprising a human light chain constant region.

15. The antibody of claim 1 , wherein the IgG is a human IgG1 or IgG3 heavy chain constant region.

16. The antibody of claim 1 , wherein the antibody is conjugated to a hydrophobic moiety.