High voltage seals and structures having reduced electric fields
Some embodiments include a structure, comprising: an insulator forming at least a part of a wall of a vacuum chamber, the insulator having a first end and a second end wider than the first end; a first conductive structure disposed at the first end of the insulator; and a second conductive structure disposed at the second end of the insulator, contacting the insulator, and including at least a portion surrounded by the insulator; wherein: a portion of an outer surface of the insulator extends radially outward from a triple junction between the insulator, the second conductive structure, and a medium contacting the outer surface of the insulator.
1. A structure, comprising:
an insulator forming at least a part of a wall of a vacuum chamber, the insulator having a first end with a first opening and a second end with a second opening wider than the first opening;
a first conductive structure disposed at the first end of the insulator; and
a second conductive structure disposed at the second end of the insulator, contacting the insulator, and including at least a portion surrounded by the insulator;
wherein:
a portion of an outer surface of the insulator extends radially outward from a first triple junction between the insulator, the second conductive structure, and a medium contacting the outer surface of the insulator; and
the first triple junction is further from the first end of the insulator than a second triple junction between an inner surface of the insulator, the second conductive structure and a medium contacting the inner surface of the insulator.
2. The structure of claim 1 , further comprising a coronal shield extending from the second conductive structure over the second triple junction.
3. The structure of claim 1 , wherein a coronal shield does not extend over the first triple junction.
4. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the second conductive structure is welded or brazed to the insulator.
5. The structure of claim 1 , further comprising:
an anode; and
a cathode;
wherein the first end of the insulator is closer to the anode than the second end of the insulator.
6. The structure of claim 5 , wherein the first conductive structure is electrically connected to the anode.
7. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the insulator has a conical or a frustum shape.
8. The structure of claim 1 , wherein:
insulator is a disc including an axial protrusion extending from the second end of the insulator; and
the second conductive structure contacts the insulator on a radially inward facing surface of the axial protrusion.
9. The structure of claim 1 , further comprising:
a voltage generator configured to generate a first voltage and a second voltage;
wherein:
the first conductive structure is electrically connected to the voltage generator and configured to receive the first voltage;
the second conductive structure is electrically connected to the voltage generator and configured to receive the second voltage; and
the first voltage is higher than the second voltage.
10. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the portion of the outer surface of the insulator follows a curve of equipotential or decreasing potential from the first triple junction when an electric field is formed between the first conductive structure and the second conductive structure.
11. The structure of claim 1 , wherein:
the insulator is a ceramic insulator having a conical or frustum shape;
the portion of the second conductive structure surrounded by the ceramic insulator includes a conductive ring contacting the ceramic insulator; and
the second conductive structure includes a coronal shield axially extending over the second triple junction where the second triple junction is disposed between an inner surface of the ceramic insulator, the conductive ring, and a medium contacting the inner surface of the ceramic insulator.
12. A structure, comprising:
a vacuum chamber including:
an insulator forming at least part of a wall of the vacuum chamber, the insulator including a first end with a first opening and a second end with a second opening wider than the first opening;
an anode penetrating the vacuum chamber at the first end; and
a conductive structure insulated from the anode by the insulator, wherein the conductive structure is attached to the insulator on an inner surface of the insulator at the second end and includes at least a portion surrounded by the insulators;
wherein:
a first triple junction is disposed between the inner surface of the insulator, the conductive structure and an interior of the vacuum chamber;
a second triple junction is disposed between an outer surface of the insulator, the conductive structure and an exterior of the vacuum chamber; and
the first triple junction is closer to the anode penetration at the first end than the second triple junction.
13. The structure of claim 12 , wherein:
the insulator is a first insulator;
the vacuum chamber further comprises:
a cathode; and
a second insulator; and
the conductive structure is insulated from the cathode by the second insulator.
14. The structure of claim 12 , wherein a portion of an outer surface of the insulator extends radially outward from the second triple junction.
15. The structure of claim 12 , further comprising a coronal shield extending over the first triple junction.
16. The structure of claim 12 , further comprising:
a voltage generator configured to generate a first voltage and a second voltage;
wherein:
the anode is electrically connected to the first voltage;
the conductive structure is electrically connected to the second voltage; and
the first voltage is higher than the second voltage.
17. A structure, comprising:
means for maintaining a vacuum, including:
first conductive means for generating x-rays in response to incident electrons;
second conductive means; and
insulating means for insulating the means for generating x-rays in response to incident electrons from the second conductive means and surrounding the second conductive means;
wherein:
a first triple junction is disposed between an inner surface of the insulating means, the second conductive means and an interior of the means for maintaining the vacuum;
a second triple junction is disposed between an outer surface of the insulating means, the second conductive means and an exterior of the means for maintaining the vacuum; and
the first triple junction is closer to the first conductive means than the second triple junction.
18. The structure of claim 17 , further comprising means for shielding the first triple junction.