Single step solution combustion synthesis of crystalline transuranic-doped rare earth zirconate pyrochlores
One-step solution combustion synthesis (SCS) methods for fabricating durable crystalline transuranic-doped rare earth zirconium pyrochlores are described. Methods are fast, amenable to upscaling, and present a simple strategy for producing crystalline ceramic materials that meet the minimum attractiveness criteria for special nuclear material. The methods include analysis of reactants and reaction conditions to select proper fuel as well as proper fuel content so as to encourage formation of the crystalline product in a single-step synthesis procedure.
1. A method for forming a transuranic-doped rare earth zirconate pyrochlore according to a reaction comprising:
a A(NO 3 ) x +b M(NO 3 ) y +c Zr(NO 3 ) 4 +d D→A a M b Zr c O 7+δ +N 2 +H 2 O+CO 2
wherein
A is a rare earth element;
M is a transuranic element;
D is a fuel exhibiting a low complexing ability toward nitrates of A, M, and Zr;
0.00<a≤2;
0.00<b≤2;
0.00<c≤2;
d is the molar fuel content;
x and y are independently 3 or 4; and
δ represents a change in the oxygen content as needed for charge compensation;
the method comprising:
selecting an elemental stoichiometric coefficient for the reaction;
determining a fuel content for the reaction based upon the selected elemental stoichiometric coefficient;
forming an aqueous solution comprising stoichiometric quantities of the A(NO 3 ) x , the Zr(NO 3 ) 4 and the fuel;
combining the aqueous solution with a solution comprising a stoichiometric quantity of the M(NO 3 ) y to form a precursor solution; and
adding energy to the precursor solution, the energy initiating the reaction according to a self-sustaining solution combustion synthesis, the reaction forming the transuranic-doped rare earth zirconate pyrochlore, wherein the as-synthesized transuranic-doped rare earth zirconate pyrochlore is a crystalline pyrochlore.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein a=2−b and c=2.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein a=2, c=2−b.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fuel comprises a monodentate fuel.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fuel comprises urea, hydrazine, or a combination thereof.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transuranic element comprises one or more elements having an atomic number of 93 to 103.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the rare earth element comprises one or more elements having an atomic number of 39 or 57 to 77.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction forms one or more additional nitrogen compounds.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the selected elemental stoichiometric coefficient is less than 1.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the selected elemental stoichiometric coefficient is greater than 1.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the selected elemental stoichiometric coefficient is 1.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fuel content is determined according to a process that includes determining the total valence for each compound in the reaction and setting the selected elemental stoichiometric coefficient equal to the ratio of the absolute value of the sum of oxidizing agent valences to the absolute value of the sum of reducing agent valences.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solution comprising the stoichiometric quantity of the M(NO 3 ) y comprises nitric acid.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of adding energy to the precursor solution comprises locating the precursor solution in a furnace.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of adding energy to the precursor solution comprises directing microwave energy at the precursor solution.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of adding energy to the precursor solution comprises induction heating of the precursor solution.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the self-sustaining solution combustion synthesis takes place at a temperature of from about 200° C. to about 750° C.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transuranic-doped rare earth zirconate pyrochlore is a component of a solid waste.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transuranic-doped rare earth zirconate pyrochlore is an inert matrix fuel.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transuranic-doped rare earth zirconate pyrochlore is a transmutation target.