Active magnetic regenerative processes and systems employing hydrogen as heat transfer fluid and process gas
A system including: an active magnetic regenerative refrigerator apparatus that includes a high magnetic field section in which a hydrogen heat transfer fluid can flow from a cold side to a hot side through at least one magnetized bed of at least one magnetic refrigerant, and a low magnetic field or demagnetized section in which the hydrogen heat transfer fluid can flow from a hot side to a cold side through the demagnetized bed; a first conduit fluidly coupled between the cold side of the low magnetic field or demagnetized section and the cold side of the high magnetic field section; and a second conduit fluid coupled to the first conduit, an expander and at least one liquefied hydrogen storage module.
1. A system comprising:
an active magnetic regenerative refrigerator apparatus that comprises (i) a high magnetic field section in which a heat transfer fluid comprising a hydrogen fluid can flow from a cold side to a hot side through at least one magnetized bed of at least one magnetic refrigerant, (ii) a first no heat transfer fluid flow section in which a bed can be demagnetized, (iii) a low magnetic field or demagnetized section in which the heat transfer fluid can flow from a hot side to a cold side through a demagnetized bed, and (iv) a second no heat transfer fluid flow section in which a bed can be magnetized;
a first conduit fluidly coupled between the cold side of the low magnetic field or demagnetized section and the cold side of the high magnetic field section; and
a second conduit fluidly coupled to the first conduit, an expander and at least one liquefied hydrogen storage module, wherein the second conduit is configured for supplying a portion the heat transfer fluid comprised of a liquefied hydrogen from the active magnetic regenerative refrigerator apparatus to the liquefied hydrogen storage module.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the active magnetic regenerative refrigerator apparatus comprises a composition that includes at least one magnetic refrigerant material and at least one ortho H 2 to para H 2 catalyst.
3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the magnetic refrigerant material is in the form of particles having a largest cross section dimension of up to 250 μm.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the active magnetic regenerative refrigerator apparatus includes a plurality of magnetic refrigerant layers.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the active magnetic regenerative refrigerator apparatus includes 1 to 16 layers of compositionally distinct magnetic refrigerant materials.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the active magnetic regenerative refrigerator apparatus includes up to 13 layers of compositionally distinct magnetic refrigerant materials.
7. The system of claim 4 , wherein each layer comprises a composition that includes at least one magnetic refrigerant material and at least one ortho H 2 to para H 2 catalyst.
8. The system of claim 7 , wherein the composition comprises magnetic refrigerant material particles having a largest cross section dimension of up to 250 μm, and a binder interspersed with the particles, wherein the ortho H 2 to para H 2 catalyst is bonded to the particles and/or the binder.
9. The system of claim 7 , wherein the ortho H 2 to para H 2 catalyst comprises particles having a largest cross section dimension of less than 5 μm.
10. The system of claim 8 , wherein the magnetic refrigerant material particles have a diameter of 150 to 250 μm.
11. The system of claim 8 , wherein the magnetic refrigerant material particles have a diameter of 100 to 250 μm.
12. The system of claim 8 , wherein the binder comprises at least one epoxy material.
13. The system of claim 2 , wherein the magnetic refrigerant material is selected from Gd, Gd 0.90 Y 0.10 , Gd 0.30 Tb 0.70 , Gd 0.69 Er 0.31 , Gd 0.02 Tb 0.98 , Gd 0.32 Dy 0.68 , Gd 0.66 Y 0.34 , Gd 0.39 Ho 0.61 , Gd 0.59 Y 0.41 , Gd 0.15 Dy 0.85 , Gd 0.42 Er 0.58 , Gd 0.27 Ho 0.73 , Gd 0.16 Ho 0.84 , Gd 0.34 Er 0.66 , Gd 0.23 Er 0.77 , (Ho 0.80 Gd 0.20 )Co 2 , Ho 0.90 Gd 0.10 Co 2 , Ho 0.95 Gd 0.05 Co 2 , Gd 0.5 Dy 0.5 Ni 2 , or Dy 0.75 Er 0.25 Al 2 .
14. The system of claim 2 , wherein the magnetic refrigerant material is Gd 0.83 Dy 0.17 , or (Gd x Er 1−x )Al 2 , wherein x is 0 or 1.
15. The system of claim 2 , wherein the magnetic refrigerant material is a material with a second order phase transition.
16. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one liquefied hydrogen storage module is a vessel.
17. The system of claim 1 , wherein the active magnetic regenerative refrigerator apparatus is in the shape of a circular wheel.
18. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system does not include a subsystem configured for separating a portion flow of a cold heat transfer fluid to form a bypass stream in counterflow with a hydrogen process fluid to be cooled and liquefied in a process heat exchanger.
19. The system of claim 4 , wherein the system does not include a subsystem configured for separating a portion flow of a cold heat transfer fluid to form a bypass stream in counterflow with a hydrogen process fluid to be cooled and liquefied in a process heat exchanger.
20. The system of claim 8 , wherein the system does not include a subsystem configured for separating a portion flow of a cold heat transfer fluid to form a bypass stream in counterflow with a hydrogen process fluid to be cooled and liquefied in a process heat exchanger.