Systems and methods for restoring muscle function to the lumbar spine

1. A neuromuscular electrical stimulation system for rehabilitating skeletal muscles, the system comprising:

a lead having one or more electrodes configured to be implanted in or adjacent to nervous tissue associated with one or more skeletal muscles associated with local segmental control of a lumbar spine;

an implantable pulse generator coupled to the one or more electrodes, the implantable pulse generator having a programmable controller configured to be programmed to cause the one or more electrodes to electrically stimulate the nervous tissue to induce muscle contraction to restore neural control and rehabilitate the one or more skeletal muscles to thereby improve lumbar spine stability; and

an external transmitter coupled to the implantable pulse generator.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the lead comprises a first fixation element coupled to the lead, the first fixation element angled distally relative to the lead, and a second fixation element coupled to the lead distal to the first fixation element, the second fixation element angled proximally relative to the lead, wherein the first and second fixation elements are configured to sandwich an anchor site therebetween.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more electrodes are configured to be implanted in or adjacent to at least one of nervous tissue, a muscle, a ligament, or a joint capsule.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more electrodes are configured to be implanted in or adjacent to a medial branch of a dorsal ramus nerve that innervates the multifidus muscle.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the programmable controller is programmed to cause the one or more electrodes to electrically stimulate the nervous tissue at a pulse amplitude between 0.1-7 mA, a pulse width between 20-500 μs, and a stimulation rate between 1-20 Hz.

6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the programmable controller is configured to be programmed to cause the one or more electrodes to electrically stimulate the nervous tissue to induce muscle contraction to restore neural control and rehabilitate the one or more skeletal muscles selected from at least one of the following muscles: multifidus, transverse abdominus, quadratus lumborum, psoas major, internus abdominus, obliquus externus abdominus, or erector spinae.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the external transmitter is configured to control the implantable pulse generator by transferring a stimulation command to the implantable pulse generator, the stimulation command comprising at least one of: a command to start a treatment session or stop the treatment session; a command to provide a status of the implantable pulse generator; or a request to conduct an impedance assessment.

8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the implantable pulse generator comprises a first transceiver coupled to a first antenna, and wherein the external transmitter comprises a second transceiver coupled to a second antenna, such that the external transmitter is configured to control the implantable pulse generator via bi-directional communication between the first and second transceivers and the first and second antennas.

9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the external transmitter comprises a first telemetry system electrically coupled to a first coil, and wherein the implantable pulse generator comprises a second telemetry system electrically coupled to a second coil, such that the external transmitter is configured to charge the implantable pulse generator via energy transfer from the first telemetry system and coil to the second telemetry system and coil.

10. The system of claim 9 , wherein energy is transferred from the first telemetry system and coil to the second telemetry system and coil via inductive coupling.

11. The system of claim 1 , further comprising an external programmer configured to transfer programming data to the implantable pulse generator, the programming data comprising at least one of: pulse amplitude, pulse width, stimulation rate, stimulation frequency, ramp timing, cycle timing, session timing, or electrode configuration, wherein the external transmitter controls the implantable pulse generator to electrically stimulate the nervous tissue in accordance with the programming data.

12. The system of claim 11 , further comprising a computer-readable non-transitory medium having program instructions that, when executed by a processor of the external programmer, permit a user to select, adjust, and display the programming data based on user input.

13. The system of claim 1 , further comprising one or more sensors coupled to the programmable controller, the one or more sensors configured to sense muscle contraction and to generate a sensor signal based on the muscle contraction.

14. The system of claim 13 , wherein at least one of the one or more sensors comprises at least one of an accelerometer, a minute ventilation system, a pressure sensor, a movement sensor, or a strain gauge.

15. The system of claim 13 , wherein the sensor signal is indicative of patient compliance.

16. A method of rehabilitating skeletal muscles, the method comprising:

implanting a lead having one or more electrodes in or adjacent to nervous tissue associated with one or more skeletal muscles associated with local segmental control of a lumbar spine;

implanting an implantable pulse generator coupled to the one or more electrodes;

programming the implantable pulse generator to restore neural control and rehabilitate the one or more skeletal muscles; and

controlling the implantable pulse generator to cause the one or more electrodes to electrically stimulate the nervous tissue to induce muscle contraction via the one or more electrodes, thereby restoring neural control and rehabilitating the one or more skeletal muscles to thereby improve lumbar spine stability.

17. The method of claim 16 , further comprising transferring energy from an external transmitter to the implantable pulse generator via inductive coupling.

18. The method of claim 16 , further comprising one or more sensors coupled to a programmable controller of the implantable pulse generator, the method further comprising sensing muscle contraction via the one or more sensors and generating a sensor signal based on the muscle contraction.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein at least one of the one or more sensors comprises at least one of an accelerometer, a minute ventilation system, a pressure sensor, a movement sensor, or a strain gauge.

20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the sensor signal is indicative of patient compliance.