Thin and uniform silver nanowires, method of synthesis and transparent conductive films formed from the nanowires
Highly uniform and thin silver nanowires are described having average diameters below 20 nm and a small standard deviation of the diameters. The silver nanowires have a high aspect ratio. The silver nanowires can be characterized by a small number of nanowires having a diameter greater than 18 nm as well as with a blue shifted narrow absorption spectrum in a dilute solution. Methods are described to allow for the synthesis of the narrow uniform silver nanowires. Transparent conductive films formed from the thin, uniform silver nanowires can have very low levels of haze and low values of ΔL*, the diffusive luminosity, such that the transparent conductive films can provide little alteration of the appearance of a black background.
1. A method for synthesizing silver nanowires, the method comprising:
forming a reaction solution substantially free of paramagnetic ions comprising a blend of polyol solvent, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, a chloride salt, and a bromide salt, wherein the reaction solution comprises a 5-membered aromatic heterocyclic cation having at least one but no more than three nitrogen atoms and at least one carbon atom, wherein the reaction solution concentration based on added amounts into the reactor for the heterocyclic cation is 0.00001M to 0.01M;
heating the reaction solution to a peak temperature; and
adding a soluble silver salt.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the moles of bromide ions is from about 0.6 to about 15 times the moles of chloride ions.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein reaction mixture is heated to reach a peak temperature of at least about 145° C., following which the heating may or may not be terminated.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the reaction solution comprises ammonium, an ammonium with organic functional groups, alkali cations, or mixtures thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the aromatic heterocyclic cation comprises imidazolium, pyrazolium, derivatives thereof, or mixtures thereof.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the reaction solution comprises a blend of PVP K30 and PVP K90.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the soluble silver salt is added within 5 degrees C. of the target peak temperature and the heating is discontinued or reduced to allow gradual cooling.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the reaction solution concentrations based on added amounts into the reactor are PVP 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, bromide salt 0.00002M to 0.005M, chloride salt 0.00002M to 0.005M, imidazolium salt 0.00002M to 0.005M, and AgNO 3 0.0025M to 0.25M.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein from 2 to 40 percent of the solvent is added with the soluble silver salt or after the addition of the soluble silver salt.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the mixture in the reactor at the start of reaction further comprises from about 0.01 to about 5 wt % water.
11. The method of claim 1 further comprising purifying silver nanowires from the completed reaction mixture, wherein the silver nanowires have an average diameter of no more than about 18 nm and a standard deviation of the diameter of no more than about 2.5 nm.
12. A method for synthesizing silver nanowires, the method comprising:
forming a reaction solution comprising a blend of a polyol solvent, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, a salt comprising a chloride and/or bromide, and a neutral organic compound having a five-membered aromatic heterocycle comprising at least one but no more than three nitrogen atoms and at least one carbon atom;
heating the reaction solution to a peak temperature based on a target peak temperature; and
adding a soluble silver salt at a temperature within 5° C. of the target peak temperature.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the compound with the five-membered aromatic ring is imidazole, pyrazole, derivatives of imidazole, derivatives of pyrazole, or mixtures thereof.
14. The method of claim 12 wherein the reaction solution concentrations based on amounts added into the reactor are PVP 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, bromide salt 0.00002M to 0.005M, chloride salt 0.00002M to 0.005M, aromatic heterocyclic compound from about 0.0001M to about 0.1M, and AgNO 3 0.0025M to 0.25M wherein the reaction solution comprises imidazolium, pyrazolium, thiazolium, derivatives thereof or mixtures thereof.
15. The method of claim 12 wherein from 2 to 40 percent of the solvent is added with the soluble silver salt or after the addition of the soluble silver salt.
16. The method of claim 12 wherein the reaction solution at the start of reaction further comprises from about 0.01 to about 5 wt % water.
17. The method of claim 12 further comprising purifying silver nanowires from the completed reaction mixture, wherein the silver nanowires have an average diameter of no more than about 20 nm and a standard deviation of the diameter of no more than about 3.5 nm.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein the moles of bromide ions is from about 0.9 to about 7 times the moles of chloride ions.
19. The method of claim 1 wherein reaction mixture is heated to reach a peak temperature of at least about 145° C., following which the heating may or may not be terminated, and wherein the soluble silver salt is added within 5 degrees C. of the target peak temperature.
20. The method of claim 1 wherein the reaction solution concentrations based on added amounts into the reactor are PVP 0.25 wt % to 8 wt %, bromide salt 0.00005M to 0.0025M, chloride salt 0.00005M to 0.0025M, imidazolium salt 0.00005M to 0.0025M, and AgNO 3 0.01M to 0.15M.
21. The method of claim 1 wherein the nanowires have an average diameter of no more than about 17 nm and wherein no more than about 10% of the nanowires have a diameter greater than 18 nm.
22. The method of claim 12 wherein reaction mixture is heated to reach a peak temperature of at least about 145° C.
23. The method of claim 22 wherein following reaching the peak temperature, the heating is discontinued or reduced to allow gradual cooling.
24. The method of claim 12 wherein the moles of bromide ions is from about 0.6 to about 15 times the moles of chloride ions.
25. The method of claim 12 wherein the reaction solution comprises a blend of PVP K30 and PVP K90.
26. The method of claim 12 wherein the reaction solution concentrations based on added amounts into the reactor are PVP 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, bromide salt 0.00002M to 0.005M, chloride salt 0.00002M to 0.005M, and AgNO 3 0.0025M to 0.25M.
27. The method of claim 12 wherein the nanowires have an average diameter of no more than about 17 nm and wherein no more than about 10% of the nanowires have a diameter greater than 18 nm.
28. A method for synthesizing silver nanowires, the method comprising:
forming a reaction solution substantially free of paramagnetic ions comprising a blend of polyol solvent, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, a chloride salt, and a bromide salt, wherein the reaction solution comprises a 5-membered aromatic heterocyclic cation having at least one but no more than three nitrogen atoms and at least one carbon atom;
heating the reaction solution to a peak temperature;
adding a soluble silver salt; and
further comprising purifying silver nanowires from the completed reaction mixture, wherein the silver nanowires have an average diameter of no more than about 18 nm and a standard deviation of the diameter of no more than about 2.5 nm.