Treatment of spinal tissue

1. A method of treating an intervertebral disc in a patient, without piercing the disc, the method comprising:

navigating a treatment element of an energy delivery device to a bulge in the intervertebral disc;

pressing a treatment surface of the treatment element against an exterior of the bulge in the intervertebral disc, so that the bulge conforms to a shape of the treatment surface, wherein the treatment surface comprises two rows of bipolar radiofrequency electrodes, and wherein the exterior of the bulge comprises annulus fibrosis or nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc;

applying radiofrequency energy from a first row of the two rows of bipolar radiofrequency electrodes to a second row of the two rows, so that the radiofrequency energy passes through the exterior of the bulge to shrink at least one of the annulus fibrosis or the nucleus pulposus and thus shrink the bulge; and

removing the treatment element from the patient,

wherein the bulge in the intervertebral disc remains shrunken after the treatment element is removed, thereby treating the intervertebral disc.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising measuring a temperature of at least one of the annulus fibrosis or the nucleus pulposus with a temperature sensing member on the treatment surface.

3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising adjusting an amount of the radiofrequency energy applied to the annulus fibrosis or the nucleus pulposus, based at least in part on the measured temperature.

4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

activating one or more pairs of the bipolar radiofrequency electrodes; and

determining that proper contact has been made between the treatment surface and the exterior of the bulge before applying the radiofrequency energy.

5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising cooling the exterior of the bulge of the intervertebral disc at least one of before, during, or after applying the radiofrequency energy.

6. A method of treating an intervertebral disc in a patient, without piercing the disc, the method comprising:

navigating a first treatment element of a first bipolar radiofrequency energy delivery device to a bulge in the intervertebral disc;

contacting the first treatment element with a first treatment site on an exterior of the bulge in the intervertebral disc, wherein the exterior of the bulge comprises annulus fibrosis or nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc;

navigating a second treatment element of a second bipolar radiofrequency energy delivery device to the bulge in the intervertebral disc;

contacting the second treatment element with a second treatment site on the exterior of the bulge in the intervertebral disc;

applying radiofrequency energy through the exterior of the bulge in the intervertebral disc using the first and second treatment elements to shrink at least one of the annulus fibrosis or the nucleus pulposus and thus shrink the bulge, thereby treating the intervertebral disc; and

removing the first and second treatment elements from the patient;

wherein the bulge in the intervertebral disc remains shrunken after the first and second treatment elements are removed.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein applying the radiofrequency energy comprises transmitting energy from the first treatment element to the second treatment element.

8. The method of claim 6 , further comprising cooling tissue of the intervertebral disc before, during, or after applying the radiofrequency energy.

9. The method of claim 6 , wherein the first treatment site and the second treatment site are on opposite sides of the bulge in the intervertebral disc.