Slim waveguide coupling apparatus and method
In various embodiments, an illumination structure includes a discrete light source disposed proximate a bottom surface of a waveguide and below a depression in a top surface thereof. A top mirror may be disposed above the discrete light source to convert modes of light emitted from the discrete light source into trapped modes, thereby increasing the coupling efficiency of the illumination structure.
1. An illumination structure comprising:
a waveguide having (i) an out-coupling region for emitting light from the waveguide, and (ii) a cavity extending through a thickness of the waveguide;
one or more discrete light sources positioned to emit light into the cavity;
a mirror positioned above and/or within the cavity above the one or more discrete light sources; and
a phosphor layer positioned to convert a wavelength of light emitted by at least one of the one or more discrete light sources to a different wavelength.
2. The illumination structure of claim 1 , wherein the mirror comprises a conical mirror disposed at least partially within the cavity.
3. The illumination structure of claim 1 , wherein the mirror comprises a flat mirror.
4. The illumination structure of claim 1 , wherein a cross-sectional area of a first portion of the cavity proximate the mirror is larger than a cross-sectional area of a second portion of the cavity proximate the one or more discrete light sources.
5. The illumination structure of claim 1 , wherein the one or more discrete light sources comprises at least three discrete light sources.
6. The illumination structure of claim 1 , wherein the one or more discrete light sources comprises at least four discrete light sources.
7. The illumination structure of claim 1 , wherein (i) the one or more discrete light sources comprises a plurality of discrete light sources, and (ii) at least two of the discrete light sources emit light of substantially the same wavelength.
8. The illumination structure of claim 1 , wherein (i) the one or more discrete light sources comprises a plurality of discrete light sources, and (ii) at least two of the discrete light sources emit light of different wavelengths.
9. The illumination structure of claim 1 , wherein the mirror comprises at least one of a specular mirror, a diffusive reflector, a Fresnel reflector, or a diffractive optical element.
10. The illumination structure of claim 1 , wherein a surface of the waveguide proximate at least one of the discrete light sources comprises a reflective coating thereon.
11. The illumination structure of claim 1 , wherein (i) the out-coupling region comprises at least a portion of a top surface of the waveguide, and (ii) at least a portion of the bottom surface of the waveguide comprises a reflective coating thereon, the bottom surface of the waveguide opposing the top surface of the waveguide.
12. An illumination structure of claim 1 comprising:
a waveguide having (i) an out-coupling region for emitting light from the waveguide, and (ii) a cavity extending through a thickness of the waveguide;
one or more discrete light sources positioned to emit light into the cavity; and
a mirror positioned above and/or within the cavity above the one or more discrete light sources,
wherein at least a portion of the cavity not occupied by the one or more discrete light sources and the mirror is filled with an index-matching material.
13. The illumination structure of claim 12 , wherein an index of refraction of the index-matching material is substantially equal to an index of refraction of the waveguide.
14. The illumination structure of claim 12 , wherein the index-matching material is adhesive.
15. The illumination structure of claim 12 , wherein an index of refraction of the index-matching material is less than an index of refraction of the waveguide.
16. The illumination structure of claim 12 , wherein the index-matching material comprises silicone.
17. The illumination structure of claim 12 , further comprising a phosphor layer positioned to convert a wavelength of light emitted by at least one of the one or more discrete light sources to a different wavelength.
18. An illumination structure comprising:
a waveguide having (i) an out-coupling region for emitting light from the waveguide, and (ii) a cavity extending through a thickness of the waveguide;
one or more discrete light sources positioned to emit light into the cavity; and
a mirror positioned above and/or within the cavity above the one or more discrete light sources,
wherein a thickness of the waveguide spanning the top and bottom surfaces is greater than a width of at least one of the discrete light sources.
19. The illumination structure of claim 18 , wherein the thickness of the waveguide is at least as thick as a sum of the width of at least one of the discrete light sources and a thickness of at least one of the discrete light sources.
20. The illumination structure of claim 18 , further comprising a phosphor layer positioned to convert a wavelength of light emitted by at least one of the one or more discrete light sources to a different wavelength.