Corrosion resistant positive grid for lead-acid batteries
A process of preparing a continuous cast lead-based alloy strip for use in the manufacture of a battery grid of a lead-acid battery, the process comprising mechanically deforming, at a deformation temperature in a range of about 15 to about 150° C., a continuous cast lead-based alloy strip having a thickness of t cast that is in a range that is from about 0.6 to about 2 mm to reduce the thickness of the strip to a thickness of t reduced that is in a range that is from about 0.4 to about 1.5 mm such that the reduction in thickness is in a range of about 10 to about 50%, wherein the lead-based alloy comprises lead and silver and is essentially free of calcium, and wherein the silver is at a concentration that is in a range of about 0.003 to about 0.015 weight percent.
1. A process of preparing a continuous cast lead-based alloy strip for use in the manufacture of a battery grid of a lead-acid battery, the process comprising mechanically deforming, at a deformation temperature in a range of about 15 to about 150° C., a continuous cast lead-based alloy strip having a thickness of t cast that is in a range that is from about 0.6 to about 2 mm to reduce the thickness of the strip to a thickness of t reduced that is in a range that is from about 0.4 to about 1.5 mm such that the reduction in thickness is in a range of about 10 to about 50%, wherein the lead-based alloy comprises lead and silver and is essentially free of calcium, and wherein the silver is at a concentration that is in a range of about 0.003 to about 0.015 weight percent, wherein the continuous cast and mechanically deformed lead-based alloy has a predominant equiaxed grain structure that comprises grain sizes that are in a range of about 0.1 to about 5 microns.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the range of the deformation temperature is from about 15 to about 150° C., is the range of t cast is from about 0.6 to about 2 mm, the range of t reduced is from about 0.4 to about 1.5 mm, and the range of the reduction in thickness is from about 25 to about 40%.
3. The process of claim 2 wherein the mechanical deformation is accomplished by rolling or forging.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein the concentration of silver is in a range of about 0.004 to about 0.011 weight percent.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein the lead-based alloy consists essentially of lead and silver.
6. The process of claim 1 wherein the lead-based alloy further comprises bismuth at a concentration that is in a range of about 0.003 to about 0.02 weight percent.
7. The process of claim 6 wherein the bismuth concentration range is from about 0.005 to about 0.015 weight percent.
8. The process of claim 6 wherein the lead-based alloy consists essentially of lead, silver, and bismuth.
9. The process of claim 1 wherein the lead-based alloy further comprises tin at a concentration that is in a range of about 0.2 weight percent to about 1.8 weight percent.
10. The process of claim 9 wherein the tin concentration range is from about 0.4 to about 1.5 weight percent.
11. The process of claim 10 wherein the tin concentration range is from about 0.5 to about 1 weight percent.
12. The process of claim 9 wherein the lead-based alloy consists essentially of (a) lead, silver, and tin or (b) lead, silver, bismuth, and tin.
13. The process of claim 1 wherein the lead is at a concentration that is at least 98.000 weight percent.
14. The process of claim 1 wherein the mechanical deformation is accomplished by rolling or forging.
15. The process of claim 1 wherein at least about 75% by weight of the continuous cast and mechanically deformed lead-based alloy has an equiaxed grain structure.
16. The process of claim 1 wherein at least about 95% by weight of the continuous cast and mechanically deformed lead-based alloy has an equiaxed grain structure.