Optical stack for directional display
A privacy display comprises a spatial light modulator and a passive retarder arranged between first and second polarisers arranged in series with the spatial light modulator. On-axis light from the spatial light modulator is directed without loss, and off-axis light has reduced luminance. The visibility of the display to off-axis snoopers is reduced by means of luminance reduction over a wide polar field of view. Off-axis visibility of the display in an automotive vehicle can be reduced.
1. A display device comprising:
a spatial light modulator;
at least one display polariser arranged on a side of the spatial light modulator;
an additional polariser arranged on the same side of the spatial light modulator as the display polariser;
a first pair of passive retarders arranged between the additional polariser and the display polariser, wherein the first pair of passive retarders have slow axes in the plane of the passive retarders that are crossed; and
an additional pair of passive retarders arranged between the first pair of passive retarders, wherein the additional pair of passive retarders have slow axes in the plane of the passive retarders that are crossed, there being no other retarders arranged between the additional polariser and the display polariser,
wherein the retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm of each passive retarder is in a range from 600 nm to 850 nm.
2. A display device according to claim 1 , wherein the spatial light modulator is a transmissive spatial light modulator and the display device further comprises a backlight arranged to output light.
3. A display device according to claim 2 , wherein the backlight provides a luminance at polar angles to the normal to the spatial light modulator greater than 45 degrees that is at most 10 % of the luminance along the normal to the spatial light modulator.
4. A display device according to claim 2 , wherein the backlight comprises:
an array of light sources;
a directional waveguide comprising:
an input end extending in a lateral direction along a side of the directional waveguide, the light sources being disposed along the input end and arranged to input input light into the waveguide; and
opposed first and second guide surfaces extending across the directional waveguide from the input end for guiding light input at the input end along the waveguide, the waveguide being arranged to deflect input light guided through the directional waveguide to exit through the first guide surface.
5. A display device according to claim 4 , wherein the backlight further comprises a light turning film and the directional waveguide is a collimating waveguide.
6. A display device according to claim 5 , wherein the collimating waveguide comprises
(i) a plurality of elongate lenticular elements; and
(ii) a plurality of inclined light extraction features,
wherein the plurality of elongate lenticular elements and the plurality of inclined light extraction features are oriented to deflect input light guided through the directional waveguide to exit through the first guide surface.
7. A display device according to claim 4 , wherein the directional waveguide is an imaging waveguide arranged to image the light sources in the lateral direction so that the output light from the light sources is directed into respective optical windows in output directions that are distributed in dependence on the input positions of the light sources.
8. A display device according to claim 7 , wherein
the imaging waveguide comprises a reflective end for reflecting the input light back along the imaging waveguide, wherein the second guide surface is arranged to deflect the reflected input light through the first guide surface as output light;
further wherein the second guide surface comprises light extraction features and intermediate regions between the light extraction features, the light extraction features being oriented to deflect the reflected input light through the first guide surface as output light and the intermediate regions being arranged to direct light through the waveguide without extracting it; and
the reflective end has positive optical power in the lateral direction extending between sides of the waveguide that extend between the first and second guide surfaces.
9. A display device according to claim 2 , wherein the display polariser is an input polariser arranged on the input side of the spatial light modulator between the backlight and the spatial light modulator, and the additional polariser is arranged between the input polariser and the backlight.
10. A display device according to claim 9 , wherein the additional polariser is a reflective polariser.
11. A display device according to claim 1 , wherein the display device further comprises an output polariser arranged on the output side of the spatial light modulator.
12. A display device according to claim 1 , wherein the display polariser is an output polariser arranged on the output side of the spatial light modulator.
13. A display device according to claim 12 , wherein the display device further comprises an input polariser arranged on the input side of the spatial light modulator.
14. A display device according to claim 13 , further comprising a further additional polariser arranged on the input side of the spatial light modulator and at least one further passive retarder arranged between the at least one further additional polariser and the input polariser.
15. A display device according to claim 1 , wherein the spatial light modulator is an emissive spatial light modulator, and the display polariser is an output polariser arranged on the output side of the emissive spatial light modulator.
16. A display device according to claim 1 , wherein the display device is arranged in a vehicle.
17. A display device according to claim 16 , wherein the display device is arranged beneath a transparent window in the vehicle.
18. A display device according to claim 16 , wherein the display device is arranged in front of a seat in the vehicle.
19. A display device according to claim 1 , wherein the display polariser has an electric vector transmission direction that is parallel to an electric vector transmission direction of the additional polariser.
20. A display device according to claim 1 , wherein the first pair of passive retarders have slow axes that extend at 45° and at 135°, respectively, with respect to an electric vector transmission direction that is parallel to the electric vector transmission of the display polariser.
21. A display device according to claim 20 , wherein the additional pair of passive retarders have slow axes that each extend at 0° and at 90°, respectively, with respect to said electric vector transmission direction that is parallel to the electric vector transmission of the display polariser.
22. A display device according to claim 1 , wherein the retardance for light of a wavelength of 550nm of each passive retarder is in a range from 650 nm to 730 nm.
23. A display device according to claim 1 , wherein the retardance for light of a wavelength of 550nm of each passive retarder is in a range from 670 nm to 710 nm.
24. A view angle control optical element for application to a display device comprising a spatial light modulator and a display polariser, the view angle control optical element comprising:
a control polariser;
a first pair of passive retarders for arrangement between the control polariser and the display polariser on application of the view angle control optical element to the display device, wherein the first pair of passive retarders have slow axes in the plane of the passive retarders that are crossed; and
an additional pair of passive retarders arranged between the first pair of passive retarders, wherein the additional pair of passive retarders have slow axes in the plane of the passive retarders that are crossed, the view angle control element having no other retarders,
wherein the retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm of each passive retarder is in a range from 600 nm to 850 nm.
25. A view angle control optical element according to claim 24 , wherein the display polariser has an electric vector transmission direction that is parallel to an electric vector transmission direction of the additional polariser.
26. A view angle control optical element according to claim 24 , wherein the first pair of passive retarders have slow axes that extend at 45° and at 135°, respectively, with respect to an electric vector transmission direction that is parallel to the electric vector transmission of the display polariser.
27. A view angle control optical element according to claim 26 , wherein the additional pair of passive retarders have slow axes that each extend at 0° and at 90°, respectively, with respect to said electric vector transmission direction that is parallel to the electric vector transmission of the display polariser.
28. A view angle control optical element according to claim 24 , wherein the retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm of each passive retarder is in a range from 650 nm to 730 nm.
29. A view angle control optical element according to claim 24 , wherein the retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm of each passive retarder is in a range from 670 nm to 710 nm.
30. A view angle control optical element according to claim 24 , wherein the additional polariser is a reflective polariser.