Lithium battery anode containing silicon nanowires formed in situ in pores of graphene foam
An anode for a lithium battery comprises a graphene foam structure composed of multiple pores and pore walls and Si nanowires residing in the pores. The Si nanowires are formed in situ inside the pores. The pore walls comprise a 3D network of interconnected graphene planes or stacked graphene planes having an inter-plane spacing d 002 from 0.3354 nm to 0.40 nm as measured by X-ray diffraction. The Si nanowires have a diameter from 2 nm to 100 nm and a length-to-diameter aspect ratio of at least 5 and the Si nanowires are in an amount from 0.5% to 99% by weight based on the total weight of the graphene foam and the Si nanowires combined.
1. An anode for a lithium battery comprising a graphene foam structure composed of multiple pores and pore walls and Si nanowires residing in said pores, wherein said Si nanowires are formed in situ inside said pores, wherein said pore walls comprise a 3D network of interconnected graphene planes or stacked graphene planes having an inter-plane spacing d 002 from 0.3354 nm to 0.40 nm as measured by X-ray diffraction and wherein said Si nanowires have a diameter from 2 nm to 100 nm and a length-to-diameter aspect ratio of at least 5 and said Si nanowires are in an amount from 0.5% to 99% by weight based on the total weight of said graphene foam and said Si nanowires combined, wherein at least some of said Si nanowires are chemically bonded to said pore walls at one of two ends of each said Si nanowire.
2. The anode of claim 1 , wherein said pore walls comprise a pristine graphene material and said graphene foam structure has a density from 0.5 to 1.7 g/cm 3 or said pores have a pore size from 2 nm to 100 nm.
3. The anode of claim 1 , wherein said pore walls comprise a non-pristine graphene material.
4. The anode of claim 3 , wherein said non-pristine graphene material contains a content of non-carbon elements from 0.01% to 2.0% by weight.
5. The anode of claim 4 , wherein said non-carbon elements include an element selected from the group consisting of oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, nitrogen, hydrogen, and boron.
6. The anode of claim 1 , wherein said graphene foam structure, when measured alone without Si, has a specific surface area from 200 to 2,000 m 2 /g or a density from 0.1 to 1.5 g/cm 3 .
7. The anode of claim 1 , wherein said graphene foam structure, when measured alone without Si, has an oxygen content or non-carbon content less than 1% by weight, and said pore walls have an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.35 nm, a thermal conductivity from 250-450 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 2,500-4,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity.
8. The anode of claim 1 , wherein said pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.337 nm and a mosaic spread value less than 1.0.
9. The anode of claim 1 , wherein said graphene foam structure exhibits a degree of graphitization no less than 80% and/or a mosaic spread value less than 0.4.
10. The anode of claim 1 , wherein said pore walls contain a 3D network of interconnected graphene planes.
11. The anode of claim 1 , wherein said graphene foam structure comprises two pore size ranges, one from 2 nm to 50 nm for cushioning volume expansion of Si nanowires and the other from 200 nm to 20 μm to accommodate Si nanowires.
12. A lithium battery comprising the anode as defined in claim 1 , a cathode or positive electrode, and an electrolyte in ionic contact with said anode and said cathode.
13. The lithium battery of claim 12 , further comprising a cathode current collector in electronic contact with said cathode or further comprising a separate anode current collector in electronic contact with said anode.
14. The lithium battery of claim 12 , wherein said graphene foam operates as an anode current collector to collect electrons from said Si nanowires during a charge of said lithium battery, which contains no separate or additional current collector.
15. An anode for a lithium battery comprising a graphene foam structure composed of multiple pores and pore walls and Si nanowires residing in said pores, wherein said pore walls comprise a 3D network of interconnected graphene planes or stacked graphene planes having an inter-plane spacing d 002 from 0.3354 nm to 0.40 nm as measured by X-ray diffraction and wherein said Si nanowires have a diameter from 2 nm to 100 nm and a length-to-diameter aspect ratio of at least 5 and said Si nanowires are in an amount from 0.5% to 99% by weight based on the total weight of said graphene foam and said Si nanowires combined, wherein said anode further comprises a catalyst metal selected from the group consisting of Cu, Mn, Fe, Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, and combinations thereof, which is attached to said Si nanowires.
16. The anode of claim 15 , wherein said pore walls comprise a non-pristine graphene material.
17. The anode of claim 15 , wherein said non-pristine graphene material contains a content of non-carbon elements from 0.01% to 2.0% by weight.
18. The anode of claim 17 , wherein said non-carbon elements include an element selected from the group consisting of oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, nitrogen, hydrogen, and boron.
19. The anode of claim 15 , wherein said graphene foam structure, when measured alone without Si, has a specific surface area from 200 to 2,000 m 2 /g or a density from 0.1 to 1.5 g/cm 3 .
20. The anode of claim 15 , wherein said graphene foam structure, when measured alone without Si, has an oxygen content or non-carbon content less than 1% by weight, and said pore walls have an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.35 nm, a thermal conductivity from 250-450 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 2,500-4,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity.