Robotic spine surgery system and methods

1. A surgical robotic system comprising:

a robotic manipulator;

a surgical tool configured to be coupled to said robotic manipulator to rotate about a rotational axis to place an implant in a spine of a patient;

a robotic controller coupled to said robotic manipulator to control movement of said surgical tool to place said rotational axis along a desired trajectory, maintain said rotational axis along said desired trajectory, and control installation of the implant in the spine of the patient so that the implant is placed at a desired location; and

a navigation system including a navigation controller configured to track a pose of said rotational axis relative to said desired trajectory,

wherein said robotic controller is configured to cause autonomous movement of said surgical tool to place the implant in the spine of the patient until the implant is within a predefined distance of said desired location, and thereafter, said robotic controller is configured to control manual manipulation of said surgical tool until the implant is placed at said desired location.

2. The surgical robotic system of claim 1 , wherein said surgical tool comprises a screw driver.

3. The surgical robotic system of claim 2 , wherein said desired trajectory is defined by a haptic object.

4. The surgical robotic system of claim 3 , wherein said robotic controller is configured to control manual manipulation of said screw driver by constraining movement of said screw driver so that said surgical tool remains aligned with said desired trajectory while a user manually moves or manually causes movement of said screw driver toward the spine.

5. The surgical robotic system of claim 4 , wherein said haptic object comprises a line haptic object, and wherein said robotic controller is configured to control said robotic manipulator to generate haptic feedback to the user to indicate that the implant has reached said desired location.

6. The surgical robotic system of claim 1 , wherein said robotic controller is configured to cause autonomous movement of said surgical tool to place said rotational axis along said desired trajectory.

7. The surgical robotic system of claim 1 , further comprising an imaging device coupled to said navigation controller.

8. The surgical robotic system of claim 1 , wherein said navigation system comprises a first tracker to track said surgical tool, a second tracker to track the spine, and a third tracker to track a skin surface.

9. The surgical robotic system of claim 1 , further comprising a display coupled to said navigation controller, wherein said navigation controller is configured to output on said display information relating to a location of the implant relative to the desired location.

10. A method of placing an implant in a spine of a patient using a surgical robotic system comprising a robotic manipulator, a robotic controller coupled to the robotic manipulator, a surgical tool coupled to the robotic manipulator to rotate about a rotational axis, and a navigation system including a navigation controller, said method comprising the steps of:

controlling, with the robotic controller, movement of the surgical tool to place the rotational axis along a desired trajectory;

maintaining, with the robotic controller, the rotational axis along the desired trajectory;

tracking, with the navigation system, a pose of said rotational axis relative to said desired trajectory; and

controlling, with the robotic controller, installation of the implant in the spine of the patient so that the implant is placed at a desired location, wherein controlling installation of the implant comprises causing autonomous movement of the surgical tool to place the implant in the spine of the patient until the implant is within a predefined distance of the desired location, and thereafter, controlling manual manipulation of the surgical tool until the implant is placed at the desired location.

11. The method of claim 10 , comprising defining the desired trajectory by a haptic object.

12. The method of claim 11 , comprising controlling manual manipulation of the surgical tool by constraining movement of the surgical tool so that the surgical tool remains aligned with the desired trajectory while a user manually moves or manually causes movement of the surgical tool toward the spine.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein defining the desired trajectory by a haptic object comprises defining the desired trajectory by a line haptic object and wherein controlling manual manipulation of the surgical tool further comprises generating haptic feedback to the user with the robotic controller to indicate that the implant has reached the desired location.

14. The method of claim 10 , wherein controlling movement of the surgical tool comprises causing autonomous movement of the surgical tool to place the rotational axis along the desired trajectory.

15. The method of claim 10 , comprising determining a torque being applied to drive the implant, wherein controlling installation of the implant comprises stopping the surgical tool from driving the implant into the spine once the torque meets or exceeds a torque threshold.

16. The method of claim 10 , comprising tracking a pose of the rotational axis relative to the desired trajectory.

17. The method of claim 10 , comprising displaying information relating to a location of the implant relative to the desired location.

18. A surgical robotic system comprising:

a robotic manipulator;

a surgical tool configured to be coupled to said robotic manipulator to rotate about a rotational axis to form a hole in a spine of a patient to receive an implant;

a robotic controller coupled to said robotic manipulator to control movement of said surgical tool to place said rotational axis along a desired trajectory, maintain said rotational axis along said desired trajectory, and control formation of the hole in the spine of the patient so that the implant is placed at a desired location; and

a navigation system including a navigation controller configured to track a pose of said rotational axis relative to said desired trajectory,

wherein said surgical tool comprises a drill to create a pilot hole for the implant and a reamer integrated into said drill and shaped to create a seat for a head of the implant.

19. A surgical robotic system comprising:

a robotic manipulator;

a surgical tool configured to be coupled to said robotic manipulator to rotate about a rotational axis to place an implant in a spine of a patient;

a robotic controller coupled to said robotic manipulator to control movement of said surgical tool to place said rotational axis along a desired trajectory, maintain said rotational axis along said desired trajectory, and control installation of the implant in the spine of the patient so that the implant is placed at a desired location; and

a torque sensor configured to determine a torque being applied to drive the implant,

wherein said robotic controller is configured to cause autonomous movement of said surgical tool to place the implant in the spine of the patient until the implant is within a predefined distance of said desired location, and thereafter, said robotic controller is configured to control manual manipulation of said surgical tool until the implant is placed at said desired location, and

wherein said robotic controller is configured to stop said surgical tool from driving the implant into the spine once the torque meets or exceeds a torque threshold.

20. The surgical robotic system of claim 19 , wherein said torque sensor comprises a current measuring circuit.

21. A method of placing an implant in a spine of a patient using a surgical robotic system comprising a robotic manipulator, a robotic controller coupled to the robotic manipulator, a surgical tool coupled to the robotic manipulator to rotate about a rotational axis, and a torque sensor to determine a torque being applied to drive the implant, said method comprising the steps of:

controlling, with the robotic controller, movement of the surgical tool to place the rotational axis along a desired trajectory;

maintaining, with the robotic controller, the rotational axis along the desired trajectory;

controlling, with the robotic controller, installation of the implant in the spine of the patient so that the implant is placed at a desired location, wherein controlling installation of the implant comprises causing autonomous movement of the surgical tool to place the implant in the spine of the patient until the implant is within a predefined distance of the desired location, and thereafter, controlling manual manipulation of the surgical tool until the implant is placed at the desired location; and

stopping, with the robotic controller, said surgical tool from driving the implant into the spine once the torque meets or exceeds a torque threshold.