Systems and methods for risk assessment and treatment planning of arterio-venous malformation

1. A computer implemented method for assessing an arterio-venous malformation (AVM), the method comprising:

receiving image data of at least a portion of a vascular system of a patient, including one or more blood vessels having one or more vessel walls;

generating a patient-specific three-dimensional anatomic model of the portion of the anatomy of the patient, using the received image data;

identifying, using a computer processor, one or more blood vessels of the patient-specific model associated with the AVM;

performing a blood flow simulation through the one or more identified blood vessels having the one or more vessel walls of the patient-specific three-dimensional anatomic model;

calculating one or more vessel wall properties of the one or more vessel walls, comprising intramural stresses or wall stresses, using the blood flow simulation and a stress equilibrium equation; and

evaluating one or more treatments of the AVM based on the one or more calculated vessel wall properties and based on an identification first of large blood vessels of the AVM for intervention.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

estimating a risk of an undesirable outcome caused by the AVM based on the calculated vessel wall properties; and

evaluating the one or more treatments of the AVM based on the estimated risk of the undesirable outcome, by modifying the patient-specific three-dimensional anatomic model and performing a second blood flow simulation through the modified patient-specific three-dimensional anatomic model, wherein the evaluating comprises first identifying and categorizing blood vessels of the AVM by size.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the undesirable outcome includes one or more of rupture of a blood vessel, a mass effect, an increase in venous pressure, and a change in tissue perfusion.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the blood flow simulation includes simulating or predicting progression, regression, or remodeling of the AVM.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the blood flow simulation includes determining a blood flow characteristic at one or more points of the patient-specific three-dimensional anatomic model.

6. The method of claim 2 , wherein evaluating the one or more treatments includes:

identifying one or more blood vessels for treatment;

determining an effect on blood flow caused by treatment of the one or more blood vessels; and

assessing a change in the risk of the undesirable outcome.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the treatment includes one or more of embolization of the one or more blood vessels, ablation of the one or more blood vessels, surgical removal of all or part of the AVM, or radiosurgery.

8. The method of claim 1 , where in evaluating the one or more treatments includes weighing a list of factors comprising one or more of:

anatomical risk factors, including Spetzler-Martin grade;

functional risk factors;

difference in venous pressure post and pre treatment;

difference in tissue perfusion before and after treatment; and

a prediction of the a remodeled blood vessel radius and thickness.

9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

generating and displaying a treatment recommendation based on the evaluation of the one or more treatments.

10. The method of claim 2 , further comprising estimating the risk of the undesirable outcome based on a homeostatic vessel state.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein estimating the risk of the undesirable outcome based on a homeostatic vessel state further comprises:

solving growth and remodeling equations of the vessel wall; and

calculating the radius and thickness of the AVM at homeostasis to determine the homeostatic vessel state.

12. A system for assessing an arterio-venous malformation (AVM), the system comprising:

a data storage device storing instructions for assessing an arterio-venous malformation (AVM); and

a processor configured to execute the instructions to perform a method comprising the steps:

receiving image data of at least a portion of a vascular system of a patient, including one or more blood vessels having one or more vessel walls;

generating a patient-specific three-dimensional anatomic model of the portion of the anatomy of the patient, using the received image data;

identifying, using a computer processor, one or more blood vessels of the patient-specific model associated with the AVM;

performing a blood flow simulation through the one or more identified blood vessels having the one or more vessel walls of the patient-specific three-dimensional anatomic model;

calculating one or more vessel wall properties of the one or more vessel walls, comprising intramural stresses or wall stresses, using the blood flow simulation and a stress equilibrium equation; and

evaluating one or more treatments of the AVM based on the one or more calculated vessel wall properties and based on an identification first of large blood vessels of the AVM for intervention.

13. The system of claim 12 , further comprising:

estimating a risk of an undesirable outcome caused by the AVM based on the calculated vessel wall properties; and

evaluating the one or more treatments of the AVM based on the estimated risk of the undesirable outcome, by modifying the patient-specific three-dimensional anatomic model and performing a second blood flow simulation through the modified patient-specific three-dimensional anatomic model, wherein the evaluating comprises first identifying and categorizing blood vessels of the AVM by size.

14. The system of claim 12 , wherein the undesirable outcome includes one or more of rupture of a blood vessel, a mass effect, an increase in venous pressure, and a change in tissue perfusion.

15. The system of claim 12 , wherein the blood flow simulation includes simulating or predicting progression, regression, or remodeling of the AVM.

16. The system of claim 12 , wherein evaluating the one or more treatments includes:

identifying one or more blood vessels for treatment; and

determining an effect on blood flow caused by treatment of the one or more blood vessels.

17. The system of claim 16 , wherein the treatment includes one or more of embolization of the one or more blood vessels, ablation of the one or more blood vessels, surgical removal of all or part of the AVM, or radiosurgery.

18. The system of claim 12 , further comprising estimating the risk of the undesirable outcome based on a homeostatic vessel state.

19. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform a method for assessing an arterio-venous malformation (AVM), the method comprising:

receiving image data of at least a portion of a vascular system of a patient, including one or more blood vessels having one or more vessel walls;

generating a patient-specific three-dimensional anatomic model of the portion of the anatomy of the patient, using the received image data;

identifying, using a computer processor, one or more blood vessels of the patient-specific model associated with the AVM;

performing a blood flow simulation through the one or more identified blood vessels having the one or more vessel walls of the patient-specific three-dimensional anatomic model;

calculating one or more vessel wall properties of the one or more vessel walls, comprising intramural stresses or wall stresses, using the blood flow simulation and a stress equilibrium equation;

evaluating one or more treatments of the AVM based on the one or more calculated vessel wall properties and based on an identification first of large blood vessels of the AVM for intervention.

20. The computer-readable medium of claim 19 , further comprising:

estimating a risk of an undesirable outcome caused by the AVM based on the calculated vessel wall properties; and

evaluating the one or more treatments of the AVM based on the estimated risk of the undesirable outcome, by modifying the patient-specific three-dimensional anatomic model and performing a second blood flow simulation through the modified patient-specific three-dimensional anatomic model, wherein the evaluating comprises first identifying and categorizing blood vessels of the AVM by size.