Affixing a loop to a cardiac valve annulus using anchors with cylindrically curved outer surfaces
Apparatuses and methods are disclosed for performing a procedure on a heart valve in which a loop of material contacts at least a portion of the annulus or the leaflets of a valve. Anchors are distributed about the loop and configured for implantation into the annulus or the leaflets in a forward direction and resist extraction in a backwards direction. The anchors each have a pointy front end and a back end, and two panels of material with cylindrically curved outer surfaces. A slot runs in a front-to-back direction between the two panels of material. After the anchors are implanted into the annulus or the leaflets, the loop can be used to retain a replacement valve or to constrict the annulus.
1. An apparatus for performing a procedure on a heart valve, the heart valve having an annulus and leaflets, the apparatus comprising:
a tissue engaging member including
a loop of material configured to contact at least a portion of the annulus or the leaflets when the loop of material is deployed, and
a plurality of anchors, each of the plurality of anchors having a pointy front end and a back end, each of the plurality of anchors including a first panel of material having a cylindrically curved outer surface and a second panel of material having a cylindrically curved outer surface, with a slot that runs in a front-to-back direction disposed between the first panel of material and the second panel of material, wherein the front ends of the plurality of anchors are configured for implantation into the annulus or the leaflets in a forward direction and wherein the plurality of anchors are configured so that subsequent to implantation, the plurality of anchors resist extraction from the annulus or the leaflets in a backwards direction, wherein the plurality of anchors are arranged with respect to the loop of material so that when the loop of material is deployed the plurality of anchors are distributed about the loop of material with the front ends of the plurality of anchors facing the annulus or the leaflets, wherein the first panel of material includes at least one barb with an outer surface that follows the cylindrical curve of the outer surface of the first panel of material, and wherein the second panel of material includes at least one barb with an outer surface that follows the cylindrical curve of the outer surface of the second panel of material.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of anchors further comprises a ring-shaped portion disposed at a back end of the anchor that connects the first panel of material to the second panel of material.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein a front surface of the ring-shaped portion has a notch, and wherein the slot and the notch are disposed on opposite sides of the ring-shaped portion.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first panel of material includes at least one tab with an outer surface that, prior to implantation, follows the cylindrical curve of the outer surface of the first panel of material, and wherein the second panel of material includes at least one tab with an outer surface that, prior to implantation, follows the cylindrical curve of the outer surface of the second panel of material, and wherein the tabs automatically spring outward after implantation.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the loop of material comprises a loop of wire that passes through the slots in the plurality of anchors, and wherein the slots are configured so that the wire can slide with respect to the slots in the front-to-back direction.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the loop of material comprises a closed loop.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising means for implanting the plurality of anchors into the annulus or the leaflets so that the tissue engaging member becomes affixed to the annulus or the leaflets.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of compressed springs configured to, respectively, implant the plurality of anchors into the annulus or the leaflets so that the tissue engaging member becomes affixed to the annulus or the leaflets.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of pull wires configured to, respectively, implant the plurality of anchors into the annulus or the leaflets so that the tissue engaging member becomes affixed to the annulus or the leaflets.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of anchor launchers configured to, respectively, implant the plurality of anchors into the annulus or the leaflets so that the tissue engaging member becomes affixed to the annulus or the leaflets.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of springs, wherein each spring is arranged with respect to a respective one of the plurality of anchors so that when the spring expands from a compressed state to an expanded state, the spring drives the respective anchor into the annulus or the leaflets.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 , further comprising a plurality of actuators, wherein each of the actuators is movable between (a) a first position in which the actuator holds a respective spring in the compressed state and (b) a second position in which the actuator permits the respective spring to expand to the expanded state.
13. An apparatus for performing a procedure on a heart valve, the heart valve having an annulus and leaflets, the apparatus comprising:
a tissue engaging member including
a loop of material configured to contact at least a portion of the annulus or the leaflets when the loop of material is deployed,
a plurality of anchors, each of the plurality of anchors having a pointy front end and a back end, each of the plurality of anchors including a first panel of material having a cylindrically curved outer surface and a second panel of material having a cylindrically curved outer surface, with a slot that runs in a front-to-back direction disposed between the first panel of material and the second panel of material, wherein the front ends of the plurality of anchors are configured for implantation into the annulus or the leaflets in a forward direction and wherein the plurality of anchors are configured so that subsequent to implantation, the plurality of anchors resist extraction from the annulus or the leaflets in a backwards direction, wherein the plurality of anchors are arranged with respect to the loop of material so that when the loop of material is deployed the plurality of anchors are distributed about the loop of material with the front ends of the plurality of anchors facing the annulus or the leaflets,
wherein the apparatus further comprises a plurality of linking members that are affixed to the loop of material, each of the linking members passing through the slot in a respective anchor, wherein each of the linking members is configured to slide with respect to the slot in the respective anchor in the front-to-back direction.