Coated semiconductor particles and methods of making the same
The present disclosure relates to an electrode material that includes a solid core particle having an outer surface and including at least one of a Group II element, a Group III element, a Group IV element, a Group V element, and/or a Group VI element, and a layer including a polymer, where the solid core particle has a characteristic length between greater than zero nanometers and 1000 nm, the layer substantially covers all of the outer surface, the layer has a thickness between greater than zero nanometers 100 nm, and the layer is capable of elastically stretching as a result of expansion and contraction by the solid core.
1. An electrode material comprising:
a solid core particle having an outer surface and comprising silicon and carbon; and
a layer comprising a metal alkoxide selected from the group consisting of a vanadium alkoxide, a niobium alkoxide, a zirconium alkoxide, a lanthanum alkoxide, a tantalum alkoxide, an iron alkoxide, a manganese alkoxide, and a magnesium alkoxide, wherein:
the solid core particle has a characteristic length between greater than zero nanometers and 1000 nm,
the layer substantially covers all of the outer surface,
the layer has a thickness between greater than zero nanometers and 10 nm, and
the layer is capable of elastically stretching as a result of expansion and contraction by the solid core as characterized by an elastic modulus between 25 GPa and 200 GPa.
2. The electrode material of claim 1 , wherein the characteristic length is between greater than zero nanometers and 100 nm.
3. The electrode material of claim 1 , further comprising:
an ion comprising at least one of lithium, sodium, or magnesium, wherein:
the ion is capable of reversible transfer through the layer, and
the solid core particle is capable of reversible intercalation/decalation of the ion within at least a portion of the solid core particle.
4. The electrode material of claim 3 , further comprising a specify capacity of greater 400 mAh/g after at least 100 cycles of the reversible interaction/decalation.
5. The electrode material of claim 4 , further comprising a Coulombic efficiency of greater than 85%.
6. An electrode material comprising:
a solid core particle having an outer surface and comprising graphite and silicon;
a layer comprising a metal alkoxide selected from the group consisting of a vanadium alkoxide, a niobium alkoxide, a zirconium alkoxide, a lanthanum alkoxide, a tantalum alkoxide, an iron alkoxide, a manganese alkoxide, and a magnesium alkoxide;
an ion comprising at least one of lithium, sodium, or magnesium;
a specify capacity of greater 400 mAh/g; and
a Coulombic efficiency of greater than 85%, wherein:
the solid core particle has a characteristic length between greater than zero nanometers and 100 nm,
the layer substantially covers all of the outer surface,
the layer has a thickness between greater than zero nanometers and 10 nm,
the layer has an elastic modulus between 25 GPa and 200 GPa,
the ion is capable of reversible transfer through the layer,
the solid core particle is capable of reversible intercalation/decalation of the ion within at least a portion of the solid core particle, and
the specific capacity and the Coulombic efficiency are maintained after at least 100 cycles of the reversible intercalation/decalation.
7. A method comprising:
heating in a container a plurality of particles having an outer surface comprising silicon and carbon; and
adding to the container a first reactant comprising a metal and a second reactant comprising at least one of carbon, oxygen, or hydrogen, wherein:
the heating and the adding result in the first reactant and the second reactant reacting, further resulting in the forming of an elastic layer which substantially covers all of the outer surface of each of the particles,
the particles are solid particles and have a characteristic length between greater than zero nanometers and 1000 nm,
the elastic layer has a thickness between greater than zero nanometers 10 nm,
the elastic layer is capable of elastically stretching as a result of expansion and contraction by the particles, as characterized by an elastic modulus between 25 GPa and 200 GPa, and
the elastic layer comprises a metal alkoxide selected from the group consisting of a vanadium alkoxide, a niobium alkoxide, a zirconium alkoxide, a lanthanum alkoxide, a tantalum alkoxide, an iron alkoxide, a manganese alkoxide, and a magnesium alkoxide.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the heating is to a first temperature between 100° C. and 200° C.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the adding is performed at a second temperature substantially the same as the first temperature.
10. The method of claim 7 , further comprising, during at least one of the heating or the adding, directing a gas into the container, wherein the gas at least partially fluidizes the plurality of particles.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the gas is an inert gas.
12. The method of claim 7 , wherein at least one of the heating or the adding is performed at a pressure less than 1.01325 bar absolute.
13. The method of claim 7 , wherein the adding is repeated at least once.