Atmospheric compensation in satellite imagery

1. A method of compensating for atmospheric events in satellite images, comprising:

receiving image data representing an image of at least a portion of the Earth based on the radiance received by a sensor on the satellite, wherein the image data is pixelated and each pixel represents light directed along a path from a target region on the Earth to the sensor, with other portions on the Earth being non-target regions;

receiving Earth coordinate data related to the image data for the image;

receiving temporal data related to the image data for the image;

retrieving one or more atmospheric characteristics from a database, the one or more atmospheric characteristics from the retrieving being based on the earth coordinate data and the temporal data;

processing the image data for the image to determine Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) for the image and without using image data from another image, wherein the processing comprises deriving the determined AOD using a previous AOD value and the one or more atmospheric characteristics from the retrieving as inputs, wherein separate values of AOD are determined for different portions of the image; and

converting the image from radiance to surface reflectance, wherein the converting comprises using the determined separate values of AOD for the different portions of the image.

2. A method as defined in claim 1 , wherein the one or more atmospheric characteristics include water vapor, temperature, elevation, and aerosol type.

3. A method as defined in claim 1 , wherein the processing operation includes:

assuming an Aerosol Optical Depth for at least a portion of the image;

deriving a surface reflectance of the portion of the image from the Aerosol Optical Depth, the retrieved atmospheric characteristics, and the radiance received;

calculating an expected radiance for at least the portion of the image based on the derived surface reflectance, the assumed Aerosol Optical Depth, and the retrieved atmospheric characteristics;

comparing the expected radiance to the actual radiance received for at least the portion of the received image; and

adjusting the Aerosol Optical Depth in a direction to bring the expected radiance closer to the actual radiance received;

wherein the calculating, comparing, and adjusting operations are performed iteratively until the comparison shows the expected radiance to be within a predetermined threshold of the actual radiance received.

4. A method as defined in claim 3 , wherein the deriving the surface reflectance includes deriving the surface reflectance for each of a target portion of the portion and a background portion of the portion.

5. A method as defined in claim 3 , wherein the image is used to derive both a radiance received for a target region of the image and a radiance received for a background region of the image.

6. A method as defined in claim 5 , wherein the radiance received for the background region is derived by taking an average radiance for the region surrounding the target.

7. A method as defined in claim 5 , wherein the radiance received for the background region is derived by using a convolution filter for the region of the image proximate to the target region, in order to account for adjacency effects including light scattered by a plurality of different types of scattering pathways.

8. A method as defined in claim 7 , wherein the convolution filter includes different types of scattering effects, including forward-scattered light that then impinges upon the target and is received as part of the image data and light that reflects from the target that is then forward scattered in a direction to be received as part of the image data.

9. A method as defined in claim 5 , wherein the radiance received for the background region is derived by using a gamma-based filter based on the retrieved atmospheric characteristics and the wavelength of the radiance received.

10. A method as defined in claim 3 , wherein the at least a portion of the image includes a plurality of non-contiguous pixels.

11. A method as defined in claim 3 , wherein the entire method is performed automatically, without human intervention.

12. A method as defined in claim 3 , wherein the image data used to determine the Aerosol Optical Depth is purely panchromatic image data.

13. A method as defined in claim 3 , wherein the image data used to determine the Aerosol Optical Depth includes multispectral image data.

14. A method as defined in claim 3 , wherein the image data is very high spatial resolution image data.

15. A method as defined in claim 3 , wherein the converting operation includes correcting for light that satisfies each of the following: (1) has been scattered at least a first time by the atmosphere onto one of the non-target regions, (2) has then been reflected by the one of the non-target regions, and (3) has then been scattered at least a second time by the atmosphere onto the path to the sensor.

16. A method as defined in claim 1 , wherein the entire method is performed automatically, without human intervention.

17. A method as defined in claim 1 , wherein the image data used to determine the Aerosol Optical Depth is purely panchromatic image data.

18. A method as defined in claim 1 , wherein the image data used to determine the Aerosol Optical Depth includes multispectral image data.

19. A method as defined in claim 1 , wherein the image data is very high spatial resolution image data.

20. A method as defined in claim 1 , wherein the converting operation includes correcting for light that satisfies each of the following: (1) has been scattered at least a first time by the atmosphere onto one of the non-target regions, (2) has then been reflected by the one of the non-target regions, and (3) has then been scattered at least a second time by the atmosphere onto the path to the sensor.

21. A method as defined in claim 1 , wherein the determining of the separate values of AOD for different portions of the image includes determining AOD on a pixel-by-pixel basis.

22. A method of compensating for atmospheric events in satellite images, comprising:

receiving image data representing an image of at least a portion of the Earth based on the radiance received by a sensor on the satellite, wherein the image data is pixelated and each pixel represents light directed along a path from a target region on the Earth to the sensor, with other portions on the Earth being non-target regions;

receiving Earth coordinate data related to the image data for the image;

receiving temporal data related to the image data for the image;

retrieving one or more atmospheric characteristics from a database, the retrieving being based on the earth coordinate data and the temporal data;

processing the image data for the image to determine Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) for the image, without using image data from another image, wherein separate values of AOD are determined for different portions of the image; and

converting the image from radiance to surface reflectance by using the determined separate values of AOD for the different portions of the image;

wherein the converting operation includes correcting for light that satisfies each of the following: (1) has been scattered at least a first time by the atmosphere onto one of the non-target regions, (2) has then been reflected by the one of the non-target regions, and (3) has then been scattered at least a second time by the atmosphere onto the path to the sensor; and

wherein the determining of AOD on a pixel-by-pixel basis includes using kriging modeling.