Temperature-based control of reagent distribution

1. A method of treating a diesel exhaust system, the method comprising:

heating a liquid reagent to a temperature before introducing the reagent into any diesel exhaust stream of the diesel exhaust system, the temperature being at or above a boiling point of the reagent for a pressure inside of the diesel exhaust system;

injecting the heated reagent into a diesel exhaust stream upstream of a catalyst, wherein the heated reagent is injected at a mass flow rate;

adjusting the mass flow rate by changing a vapor quality of the heated reagent being injected; and

reacting the diesel exhaust with the heated reagent over the catalyst to convert NO x into N 2 and H 2 O,

wherein the heating modulates the mass flow rate of the reagent by converting a state of matter of the reagent at least partially to a gaseous phase prior to or after being injected, and the heated reagent in the gaseous form reduces deposit formations within the diesel exhaust system.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the heating is carried out by at least one of a heater, heat from a diesel engine, heat from engine coolant, and heat from the diesel exhaust stream.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the heating is carried out by the heater, and the heater is selected from the group consisting of a two-wire heater, a tubular heater, a cartridge heater, and a layered heater.

4. The method of claim 1 further comprising controlling power to a heater to adjust the mass flow rate by changing the vapor quality of the heated reagent to a desired vapor quality based on operational data.

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the operational data is selected from the group consisting of temperature, engine speed, engine load, fuel flow rate to an engine, exhaust gas temperature (EGT), exhaust flow rate, catalyst temperature, reagent injection conduit temperature, reagent pressure, reagent mass flow rate, reagent quality, ambient air temperature, altitude, NOx sensor data, exhaust gas pressure, and combinations thereof.

6. The method of claim 4 , wherein controlling the power to the heater is carried out by a controller that is in communication with at least one of an engine control unit and a vehicle controller and the vapor quality of the heated reagent is controlled as a function of at least one of engine parameters controlled by the engine control unit and vehicle parameters controlled by the vehicle controller.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mass flow rate of the heated reagent is modulated by at least one nozzle, the nozzle being upstream of the catalyst.

8. The method according to claim 7 further comprising a first stage nozzle for a low mass flow rate of the reagent and a second stage nozzle for higher mass flow rates of the reagent.

9. The method according to claim 7 further comprising a plurality of injection nozzles arranged in a concentric pattern.

10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the at least one nozzle comprises at least one orifice that is sized to accommodate modulation of the mass flow rate of the reagent by converting a portion of the reagent flow to a gaseous state or by changing the properties of the reagent flowing through the nozzle, wherein modulating the mass flow rate of the reagent is a function of at least one of engine or vehicle parameters.

11. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the nozzle comprises an orifice selected from the group consisting of an annular orifice and a critical flow orifice to create a choked flow of the reagent.

12. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the nozzle comprises an adjustable orifice size.

13. The method of claim 1 further comprising controlling the mass flow rate of the reagent using a pump connected to a reagent source.

14. A diesel-powered apparatus operated according to the method of claim 1 .

15. A method of treating a diesel exhaust system, the method comprising:

heating a liquid reagent to a temperature that is at or above a boiling point of the reagent for a pressure inside of the diesel exhaust system;

injecting the heated reagent into a diesel exhaust stream upstream of a catalyst, wherein the heated reagent is injected at a mass flow rate;

adjusting the mass flow rate by changing a vapor quality of the heated reagent; and

reacting the diesel exhaust with the heated reagent over the catalyst to convert NO x into N 2 and H 2 O,

wherein the heating modulates the mass flow rate of the reagent by converting a state of matter of the reagent at least partially to a gaseous phase prior to being injected into any diesel exhaust stream of the diesel exhaust system.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein changing the vapor quality of the heated reagent comprises adjusting power provided to a heater based on at least one of temperature data and operational data.

17. A method of treating a diesel exhaust system, the method comprising:

heating a first flow of a liquid reagent to a first temperature;

mixing the heated first flow of the reagent with a second flow the reagent to produce a mixed flow of the reagent at a third temperature, the second flow being of a second temperature that is lower than the first temperature;

injecting the mixed flow of the reagent into a diesel exhaust stream upstream of a catalyst; and

reacting the diesel exhaust with the heated reagent over the catalyst to convert NO x into N 2 and H 2 O,

wherein the heating modulates a mass flow rate of the reagent by converting a state of matter of the reagent at least partially to the gaseous phase, and the heated reagent in the gaseous form reduces deposit formations within the diesel exhaust system.

18. The method of claim 17 further comprising adjusting at least one of a mass flow rate of the reagent and power provided to a heater based on at least one of temperature data and operational data.

19. The method of claim 17 , wherein converting the state of matter of the reagent occurs prior to or after the reagent is injected into the diesel exhaust stream.