Electrochromic multi-layer devices with composite electrically conductive layers
A multi-layer device comprising a first substrate and a first electrically conductive layer on a surface thereof, the first electrically conductive layer having a sheet resistance to the flow of electrical current through the first electrically conductive layer that varies as a function of position.
1. A multi-layer device, comprising:
a first substrate comprising a surface; and
first composite electrically conductive layer on the surface of the first substrate, wherein the first composite electrically conductive layer comprises:
a first conductive layer;
a first transparent conductive material layer; and
a resistance to current flow substantially parallel to a major surface of the first electrically conductive layer that varies as a function of position.
2. The multi-layer device of claim 1 , wherein the first conductive layer comprises indium tin oxide and the first transparent conductive material layer comprises doped tin oxide.
3. The multi-layer device of claim 1 , wherein a ratio of the resistance to current flow substantially parallel to a major surface of the first composite electrically conductive layer in a first region circumscribed by a first convex polygon to the resistance to current flow substantially parallel to the major surface of the first composite electrically conductive layer in a second region circumscribed by a second convex polygon is at least 2, the first and second regions circumscribed by the first and second convex polygons, respectively, each comprising at least 25% of the major surface of the first composite electrically conductive layer.
4. The multi-layer device of claim 1 , wherein the first conductive layer, the first transparent conductive material layer, or both the first conductive layer and the first transparent conductive material layer further comprise one or more of a composition that varies as a function of position, a thickness that varies as a function of position, and a defect density that varies as a function of position.
5. The multi-layer device of claim 1 , further comprising a second substrate and a second composite electrically conductive layer on a surface of the second substrate, wherein the second composite electrically conductive layer comprises:
a second conductive layer;
a second transparent conductive material layer; and
a resistance to current flow substantially parallel to a major surface of the second electrically conductive layer that varies as a function of position.
6. The multi-layer stack of claim 5 , wherein the second conductive layer comprises indium tin oxide and the second transparent conductive material comprises doped tin oxide.
7. The multi-layer device of claim 5 , wherein a ratio of the resistance to current flow substantially parallel to a major surface of the second composite electrically conductive layer in a first region circumscribed by a first convex polygon to the resistance to current flow substantially parallel to a major surface of the second composite electrically conductive layer in a second region circumscribed by a second convex polygon is at least 2, the first and second regions circumscribed by the first and second convex polygons, respectively, each comprising at least 25% of the major surface of the second composite electrically conductive layer.
8. The multi-layer device of claim 5 , wherein the second conductive layer, the second transparent conductive material layer, or both the second conductive layer and the second transparent conductive material layer further comprise one or more of a composition that varies as a function of position, a thickness that varies as a function of position, and a defect density that varies as a function of position.
9. The multi-layer device of claim 5 , wherein the resistance to current flow substantially parallel to the major surfaces of the first and second electrically conductive layers provide a uniform potential drop, or a desired non-uniform potential drop, across the area of the device.
10. The multi-layer device of claim 5 , further comprising:
a first electrode layer in electrical contact with the first composite electrically conductive layer;
a second electrode layer in electrical contact with the second composite electrically conductive layer; and
an ion conductor layer;
wherein the first electrode layer is on one side of and in contact with a first surface of the ion conductor layer, and the second electrode layer is on the other side of and in contact with a second surface of the ion conductor layer.
11. The multi-layer device of claim 10 , wherein the first electrode layer comprises an electrochromic material comprising cathodically coloring thin films comprising oxides based on tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, lead, bismuth, or combinations thereof, or anodically coloring thin films comprising oxides, hydroxides or oxy-hydrides based on nickel, iridium, iron, chromium, cobalt, rhodium, or combinations thereof.
12. The multi-layer device of claim 10 , wherein the second electrode layer comprises an electrochromic material comprising tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, niobium oxide, titanium oxide, copper oxide, iridium oxide, chromium oxide, manganese oxide, vanadium oxide, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide, or combinations thereof.
13. The multi-layer device of claim 10 , further comprising a first and a second optical state, wherein the first and second optical states comprise different transmissivities to electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the range of infrared to ultraviolet radiation.
14. A method for the preparation of a multi-layer device, comprising:
forming a first composite electrically conductive layer arranged against a first substrate;
forming a first electrode layer in electrical contact with the first composite electrically conductive layer;
forming a second composite electrically conductive layer on a second substrate;
forming a second electrode layer in electrical contact with the second composite electrically conductive layer; and
forming a multi-layer device comprising the first composite electrically conductive layer, first electrode layer, the second electrode layer, and the second composite electrically conductive layer;
wherein:
the first composite electrically conductive layer comprises:
a first conductive layer;
a first transparent conductive material layer; and
resistance to current flow substantially parallel to a major surface of the first composite electrically conductive layer that varies as a function of position;
wherein the first conductive layer, the first transparent conductive material layer, or both the first conductive layer and the first transparent conductive material layer further comprises one or more of a composition that varies as a function of position, a thickness that varies as a function of position, or a defect density that varies as a function of position; and
the second composite electrically conductive layer comprises:
a second conductive layer;
a second transparent conductive material layer; and
a resistance to current flow substantially parallel to a major surface of the second composite electrically conductive layer that varies as a function of position; and
and wherein the first and second electrode layers comprise electrochromic materials.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the first and second composite electrically conductive layers comprise indium tin oxide and a transparent conductive material comprising doped tin oxide.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein a ratio of the resistance to current flow substantially parallel to the major surface of the first composite electrically conductive layer in a first region of the first composite electrically conductive layer circumscribed by a first convex polygon to the resistance to current flow substantially parallel to a major surface of the first composite electrically conductive layer in a second region of the first composite conductive layer circumscribed by a second convex polygon is at least 2, the first and second regions circumscribed by the first and second convex polygons, respectively, each comprising at least 25% of the major surface of the first composite electrically conductive layer.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein a ratio of the resistance to current flow substantially parallel to the major surface of the second composite electrically conductive layer in a first region of the second composite electrically conductive layer circumscribed by a first convex polygon to the resistance to current flow substantially parallel to the major surface of the second composite electrically conductive layer in a second region of the second composite conductive layer circumscribed by a second convex polygon is at least 2, the first and second regions circumscribed by the first and second convex polygons, respectively, each comprising at least 25% of the major surface of the second composite electrically conductive layer.
18. The method of claim 14 , wherein the resistance to current flow substantially parallel to a major surface of the first and second electrically conductive layers provide a uniform potential drop, or a desired non-uniform potential drop, across the area of the device.
19. The method of claim 14 , further comprising forming the first and second electrode layers using sol-gel deposition processes, wherein the first and second electrode layers comprise an electrochromic material comprising an oxide.
20. The method of claim 14 , wherein the forming a multi-layer device further comprises forming an organic ion conductor layer by processes employing liquid components, wherein the first electrode layer is on one side of and in contact with a first surface of the ion conductor layer, and the second electrode layer is on the other side of and in contact with a second surface of ion conductor layer.