Lead acid battery separators, batteries, and related methods
Disclosed herein are improved separators for lead acid batteries. The separators may include a porous membrane, a rubber, and at least one performance enhancing additive, positive and/or negative ribs, and/or lowered acid leachable total organic carbon.
1. A battery separator comprising:
a porous membrane comprising: a polymer; and a filler; said porous membrane having a backweb having a negative electrode facing surface and a positive electrode facing surface with a plurality of ribs extending from the negative electrode facing surface and from the positive electrode facing surface; and
an acid leachable total organic carbon (“TOC”) of less than or equal to approximately 2,000 mg per kg of said battery separator as measured by a potassium persulfate solution react with carbon in an ultra-violet detection chamber, and wherein the plurality of ribs have a top portion with a semi-circular or triangular shape;
wherein the plurality of ribs on the negative electrode facing surface are spaced from 50 to 200 microns;
wherein the filler is a friable silica having a bi-modal or tri-modal particle size distribution;
wherein said plurality of ribs comprises positive ribs and negative ribs, wherein said positive ribs extend from the positive electrode facing surface of said porous membrane;
and wherein said negative ribs extend from the negative electrode facing surface of said porous membrane;
wherein said negative ribs are optimized to mitigate dendrite shorts; and
wherein said positive ribs are optimized to mitigate dendrite shorts.
2. The battery separator of claim 1 wherein said positive ribs have a top portion with a semi-circular or triangular shape.
3. The battery separator of claim 1 wherein said positive ribs extend uniformly from a first lateral side edge to a second lateral side edge of said porous membrane.
4. The battery separator of claim 1 wherein said positive ribs are one of the following group consisting of solid ribs, discrete broken ribs, continuous ribs, discontinuous ribs, discontinuous peaks, discontinuous protrusions, angled ribs, diagonal ribs, linear ribs, ribs that are longitudinally extending substantially in a machine direction of said porous membrane, ribs that are laterally extending substantially in a cross-machine direction of said porous membrane, ribs that are transversely extending substantially in said cross-machine direction of the separator, discrete teeth, toothed ribs, serrations, serrated ribs, battlements, battlemented ribs, curved ribs, continuous sinusoidal ribs, discontinuous sinusoidal ribs, S-shaped ribs, continuous zig-zag-sawtooth-like ribs, broken discontinuous zig-zag-sawtooth-like ribs, grooves, channels, textured areas, embossments, dimples, columns, mini columns, porous, non-porous, cross ribs, mini ribs, cross-mini ribs, and combinations thereof.
5. The battery separator of claim 1 wherein said positive ribs are broken ribs being defined by an angular orientation to enhance acid mixing in a battery, especially during movement of said battery, with said separator disposed therein and positioned parallel to a start and stop motion of said battery.
6. The battery separator of claim 5 wherein said angular orientation is relative to a machine direction of said porous membrane and said angular orientation is an angle chosen from the group consisting of between greater than zero degrees(0°) and less than 180 degrees (180°), and greater than 180 degrees(180°) and less than 360 degrees (360°).
7. The battery separator of claim 5 wherein said positive ribs comprise one or more subsets of ribs; a first subset of ribs within said one or more subsets of ribs comprise a first angular orientation; and at least a second subset of ribs within said one or more subsets of ribs comprise a second angular orientation.
8. The battery separator of claim 1 wherein said positive ribs are disposed at an angular orientation relative to a machine direction of said porous membrane that is between zero degrees(0°) to 360 degrees (360°).
9. The battery separator of claim 1 wherein said positive ribs have a height of approximately 50 μm to approximately 2.0 mm.
10. The battery separator of claim 1 wherein said positive ribs have a base width of approximately 300 μm to approximately 750 μm.
11. The battery separator of claim 10 wherein of said positive ribs have a second base width of approximately 400 μm to approximately 500 μm.
12. The battery separator of claim 1 wherein said negative ribs have a top portion with a semi-circular or triangular shape.
13. The battery separator of claim 1 wherein said negative ribs extend uniformly from a first lateral side edge to a second lateral side edge of said porous membrane.
14. The battery separator of claim 1 wherein said negative ribs are one of the following group consisting of solid ribs, discrete broken ribs, continuous ribs, discontinuous ribs, discontinuous peaks, discontinuous protrusions, angled ribs, diagonal ribs, linear ribs, ribs that are longitudinally extending substantially in a machine direction of said porous membrane, ribs that are laterally extending substantially in a cross-machine direction of said porous membrane, ribs that are transversely extending substantially in said cross-machine direction of the separator, discrete teeth, toothed ribs, serrations, serrated ribs, battlements, battlemented ribs, curved ribs, continuous sinusoidal ribs, discontinuous sinusoidal ribs, S-shaped ribs, continuous zig-zag-sawtooth-like ribs, broken discontinuous zig-zag-sawtooth-like ribs, grooves, channels, textured areas, embossments, dimples, columns, mini columns, porous, non-porous, cross ribs, mini ribs, cross-mini ribs, and combinations thereof.
15. The battery separator of claim 1 wherein said negative ribs are broken ribs being defined by an angular orientation to enhance acid mixing in a battery, especially during movement of said battery, with said separator disposed therein and positioned parallel to a start and stop motion of said battery.
16. The battery separator of claim 15 wherein said angular orientation is relative to a machine direction of said porous membrane and said angular orientation is an angle chosen from the group consisting of between greater than zero degrees(0°) and less than 180 degrees (180°), and greater than 180 degrees(180°) and less than 360 degrees (360°).
17. The battery separator of claim 15 wherein said negative ribs comprise one or more subsets of ribs; a first subset of ribs within said one or more subsets of ribs comprise a first angular orientation; and at least a second subset of ribs within said one or more subsets of ribs comprise a second angular orientation.
18. The battery separator of claim 1 wherein said negative ribs are disposed at an angular orientation relative to a machine direction of said porous membrane that is between zero degrees(0°) to 360 degrees (360°).
19. The battery separator of claim 1 wherein said plurality of ribs comprise said negative ribs and a set of positive ribs, wherein the height of the negative ribs are approximately 5.0% to approximately 100% compared to the height of said set of positive ribs.
20. The battery separator of claim 1 wherein said negative ribs have a height of approximately 5.0 μm to approximately 2.0 mm.
21. The battery separator of claim 1 wherein said negative ribs have a base width of approximately 5 μm to approximately 500 μm.
22. The battery separator of claim 1 wherein said polymer comprises one of the following group consisting of a polymer, polyolefin, polyethylene, polypropylene, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (“UHMWPE”), phenolic resin, polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), rubber, synthetic wood pulp (“SWP”), lignins, glass fibers, synthetic fibers, cellulosic fibers, and combinations thereof.
23. The battery separator of claim 22 wherein said rubber comprises one of the following group consisting of cross-linked rubber, un-cross-linked rubber, cured rubber, uncured rubber, natural rubber, latex, synthetic rubber, and combinations thereof.
24. The battery separator of claim 22 wherein said rubber comprises one of the following group consisting of methyl rubber, polybutadiene, one or more chloropene rubbers, butyl rubber, bromobutyl rubber, polyurethane rubber, epichlorhydrin rubber, polysulphide rubber, chlorosulphonyl polyethylene, polynorbornene rubber, acrylate rubber, fluorine rubber, silicone rubber, copolymer rubbers, and combinations thereof.
25. The battery separator of claim 24 wherein said copolymer rubbers comprise one of the following group consisting of styrene/butadiene rubbers, acrylonitrile/butadiene rubbers, ethylene/propylene rubbers (EPM and EPDM), ethylene/vinyl acetate rubbers, and combinations thereof.
26. The battery separator of claim 22 wherein said rubber is present at an amount that is approximately 1% by weight to approximately 6% by weight.
27. The battery separator of claim 22 wherein said rubber is present at an amount that is approximately 3% by weight to approximately 6% by weight.
28. The battery separator of claim 22 wherein said rubber is present at an amount that is approximately 3% by weight.
29. The battery separator of claim 22 wherein said rubber is present at an amount that is approximately 6% by weight.
30. The battery separator of claim 22 wherein said rubber is coated on at least one side of said porous membrane.
31. The battery separator of claim 1 wherein said filler further comprises one of the following group consisting of alumina; talc; fish meal, fish bone meal, and combinations thereof.
32. The battery separator of claim 31 wherein a molecular ratio of OH:Si groups within said filler, measured by 29Si-NMR, is within a range of approximately 21:100 to 35:100.
33. The battery separator of claim 31 wherein a molecular ratio of OH:Si groups within said filler, measured by 29Si-NMR, is at least approximately 27:100 or greater.
34. A battery separator comprising:
a porous membrane comprising: a polymer; and a filler; said porous membrane having a backweb having a negative electrode facing surface and a positive electrode facing surface with a plurality of ribs extending from either or both of the negative electrode facing surface and the positive electrode facing surface;
an acid leachable total organic carbon (“TOC”) of less than or equal to approximately 2,000 mg per kg of said battery separator as measured by a potassium persulfate solution react with carbon in an ultra-violet detection chamber, and wherein the plurality of ribs have a top portion with a semi-circular or triangular shape;
wherein said filler further comprises one of the following group consisting of alumina; talc; fish meal, fish bone meal, and combinations thereof; and
wherein a molecular ratio of OH:Si groups within said filler, measured by 29Si-NMR, is within a range of approximately 21:100 to 35:100;
wherein the filler is a friable silica having a bi-modal or tri-modal particle size distribution;
wherein said plurality of ribs comprises positive ribs and negative ribs, wherein said positive ribs extend from a positive electrode facing surface of said porous membrane;
and wherein said negative ribs extend from a negative electrode facing surface of said porous membrane;
wherein said negative ribs are optimized to mitigate dendrite shorts; and
wherein said positive ribs are optimized to mitigate dendrite shorts.
35. The battery separator of claim 34 wherein a molecular ratio of OH:Si groups within said filler, measured by 29Si-NMR, is at least approximately 27:100 or greater.