Redundant low-voltage battery system operation in electric vehicles
In one aspect, a power system comprises a power bus, a plurality of energy-storage modules, and a controller. Each energy-storage module is coupled to the power bus and comprises an energy-storage device configured to store energy, an electrical circuit safety device configured to detect safe power conditions in the energy-storage module and break an electrical circuit within the energy-storage module based on a detection of unsafe power conditions in the energy-storage module, and a switch configured to selectively couple the energy-storage device to the power bus. The controller is configured to monitor a state of each of the plurality of energy-storage modules and control a state of the power system based on the state of each of the plurality of energy-storage modules.
1. A power system comprising:
a power bus;
a plurality of energy-storage modules, each energy-storage module coupled to the power bus and comprising:
an energy-storage device configured to store energy,
an electrical circuit safety device configured to:
detect safe power conditions in the energy-storage module, and break an electrical circuit within the energy-storage module based on a detection of unsafe power conditions in the energy-storage module,
a charge circuit configured to provide voltage to the respective energy-storage device at a normal energy transfer rate and at a trickle energy transfer rate lower than the normal energy transfer rate; and
a switch configured to selectively couple the energy-storage device to the power bus; and
a controller configured to:
monitor a state of each of the plurality of energy-storage modules, wherein:
a respective energy-storage module is in a “faulted” state when the unsafe power conditions are detected in the energy-storage module,
a respective energy-storage module is in a “normal operation” state when the energy-storage module is not in the faulted state and a state of charge of the corresponding energy-storage device is greater than or equal to a threshold value, and
a respective energy-storage module is in a “fully discharged” state when the energy storage module is not in the faulted state and the state of charge of the corresponding energy-storage device is less than the threshold value, and
control a state of the power system based on the state of each of the plurality of energy-storage modules, wherein:
the state of the power system is “normal operation” if each of the plurality of energy-storage modules is in the normal operation state,
the state of the power system is “faulted” if any of the plurality of the energy-storage modules is in the faulted state, and
the state of the power system is “sleep” if any of the plurality of the energy-storage modules is in the fully discharged state and each of the plurality of the energy-storage modules is not in a faulted state;
wherein, if the power system is in the normal operation state, the charge circuit of each energy-storage module provides voltage to the respective energy-storage device at the normal energy transfer rate; and
if the power system is in the sleep operation state, the charge circuit of one or more of the plurality of energy-storage modules provides voltage to the respective energy-storage device at the trickle energy transfer rate.
2. The power system of claim 1 , wherein the controller is further configured to control operation of the switch of particular ones of the plurality of energy-storage modules based on a condition of the respective electrical circuit safety device.
3. The power system of claim 1 , wherein the faulted condition of the particular energy-storage module is based on at least a state of the electrical circuit safety device of the respective energy-storage device.
4. The power system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of energy-storage modules comprises a first energy-storage module and a second energy-storage module and wherein the power bus comprises a first power bus leg coupled to the first energy-storage module and a second power bus leg coupled to the second energy-storage module.
5. The power system of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of energy-storage modules further comprises a current sensor configured to determine a current flow within the respective energy-storage module and wherein the controller is configured to control operation of the switch of each of the plurality of energy-storage modules based on the state of the energy-storage module based on the respective current flow in each of the energy-storage modules.
6. A vehicle power system comprising:
a high-voltage power system comprising a high-voltage battery pack configured to supply electricity to one or more motors configured to propel the vehicle; and
a low-voltage power system, different from the high-voltage power system, comprising:
a power bus;
a plurality of battery modules configured to supply electricity to one or more autonomous control systems;
a first battery module of the plurality of battery modules coupled to the power bus and comprising:
a first battery configured to store energy,
a first electrical circuit safety device configured to:
detect safe power conditions in the first battery module, and
break an electrical circuit within the first battery module based on a detection of unsafe power conditions in the first battery module, and
a first switch configured to selectively couple the first battery to the power bus;
a second battery module of the plurality of battery modules coupled to the power bus and comprising:
a second battery configured to store energy,
a second electrical circuit safety device configured to:
detect safe power conditions in the second battery module, and
break an electrical circuit within the second battery module based on a detection of unsafe power conditions in the second battery module, and
a second switch configured to selectively couple the second battery to the power bus; and
a controller configured to:
monitor a state of each of the first and second battery modules, and
control a state of the power system based on the state of each of the first and second battery modules.
7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the controller is further configured to control operation of the first switch of the first battery module based on a condition of the first electrical circuit safety device and control operation of the second switch of the second battery module based on a condition of the second electrical circuit safety device.
8. The system of claim 6 , wherein the state of the first battery module is based on a state of charge of the first battery and whether the first battery module is in a faulted condition, wherein the faulted condition of the first battery module is based on at least a state of the first electrical circuit safety device, wherein the state of the second battery module is based on a state of charge of the second battery and whether the second battery module is in a faulted condition, and wherein the faulted condition of the second battery module is based on at least a state of the second electrical circuit safety device.
9. The system of claim 8 , wherein the first battery module is in the faulted condition when the first electrical circuit safety device detects the unsafe power conditions in the first battery module and wherein the second battery module is in the faulted condition when the second electrical circuit safety device detects the unsafe power conditions in the second battery module.
10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the state of the first battery module is “normal operation” when the state of charge of the first battery is greater than or equal to a threshold value and when the first battery module is not in the faulted condition, wherein the state of the first battery module is “faulted” when the first battery module is in the faulted condition, wherein the state of the first battery modules is “fully discharged” when the state of charge of the first battery is less than the threshold value and when the first battery module is not in the faulted condition, wherein the state of the second battery module is “normal operation” when the state of charge of the second battery is greater than or equal to a threshold value and when the second battery module is not in the faulted condition, wherein the state of the second battery module is “faulted” when the second battery module is in the faulted condition, and wherein the state of the second battery modules is “fully discharged” when the state of charge of the second battery is less than the threshold value and when the second battery module is not in the faulted condition.
11. The system of claim 10 , wherein the state of the power system is “normal operation” when the state of first and second battery modules is “normal operation” and wherein the state of the power system is “faulted” if either of the first or second battery modules is in the faulted condition.
12. The system of claim 6 , wherein the first battery module further comprises a first trickle charge circuit configured to provide a first voltage at a low rate of energy transfer to the first battery and wherein the second battery module further comprises a second trickle charge circuit configured to provide a second voltage at a low rate of energy transfer to the second battery.
13. The system of claim 6 , wherein the first battery module further comprises a first current sensor configured to determine a first current flow within the first battery module and wherein the controller is configured to control operation of the first switch based on the state of the first battery module and the first current flow and wherein the second battery module further comprises a second current sensor configured to determine a second current flow within the second battery module and wherein the controller is configured to control operation of the second switch based on the state of the second battery module and the second current flow.
14. A method of controlling a state of a power system comprising a power bus, a plurality of energy-storage modules, each energy-storage module coupled to the power bus, and a controller, the method comprising:
detecting safe power conditions in each of the plurality of energy-storage modules;
breaking an electrical circuit within each of the energy-storage modules based on a detection of unsafe power conditions in the respective energy-storage module;
monitoring a state of each of the plurality of energy-storage modules, wherein:
a respective energy-storage module is in a “faulted” state when the unsafe power conditions are detected in the energy-storage module,
a respective energy-storage module is in a “normal operation” state when the energy-storage module is not in the faulted state and a state of charge of the corresponding energy-storage device is greater than or equal to a threshold value, and
a respective energy-storage module is in a “fully discharged” state when the energy storage module is not in the faulted state and the state of charge of the corresponding energy-storage device is less than the threshold value; and
controlling the state of the power system based on the state of each of the plurality of energy-storage modules by selectively coupling each of the energy-storage devices to the power bus based on the state of each of the plurality of energy-storage modules, wherein:
the state of the power system is “normal operation” if each of the plurality of energy-storage modules is in the normal operation state,
the state of the power system is “faulted” if any of the plurality of the energy-storage modules is in the faulted state, and
the state of the power system is “sleep” if any of the plurality of the energy-storage modules is in the fully discharged state and each of the plurality of the energy-storage modules is not in a faulted state;
wherein, if the power system is in the normal operation state, the charge circuit of each energy-storage module provides voltage to the respective energy-storage device at the normal energy transfer rate; and
if the power system is in the sleep operation state, the charge circuit of one or more of the plurality of energy-storage modules provides voltage to the respective energy-storage device at the trickle energy transfer rate.