Electrochromic multi-layer devices with charge sequestration and related methods
An electrochromic multi-layer stack is provided. The multi-layer stack includes an electrochromic multi-layer stack having a first substrate, a first electrically conductive layer, a first electrode layer, an ion conductor layer, a second substrate, a second electrically conductive layer, and a second electrode layer. The multi-layer stack includes a redox element, wherein the redox element is electrically isolated from the first and second electrically conductive layers and the first and second electrode layer and is laterally adjacent to either the first electrically conductive layer and the first electrode, or the second electrically conductive layer and the second electrode layer. A method for controlling an electrochromic device is also provided.
1. An electrochromic multi-layer stack comprising:
a first substrate;
a first electrically conductive layer arranged on the first substrate;
a first electrode layer arranged on the first electrically conductive layer;
a second substrate;
a second electrically conductive layer arranged on the second substrate;
a second electrode layer arranged on the second electrically conductive layer; and
an ion conductor layer arranged between the first and second electrode layers and in ionic communication with both the first and second electrode layers;
wherein:
the ion conductor layer comprises an organic redox element;
the organic redox element comprises an organic sequestration material; and
reduction of the organic sequestration material occurs at a less negative potential compared to reduction half-reactions of the multi-layer stack without the organic redox element, or oxidation of the organic sequestration material occurs at a more positive potential compared to oxidation half-reactions of the multi-layer stack without the organic redox element.
2. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 1 , wherein the organic sequestration material is selected from the group consisting of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, pentachloroethane, hexachloroethane, 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptachloropropane, hexachloro-1,3-butadiene, tetrachloromethane, and bis(2,3,3,3-tetrachloropropyl) ether.
3. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 1 , wherein:
the first electrode layer comprises a nickel metal oxide;
the second electrode layer comprises a tungsten metal oxide; and
the reduction of the organic sequestration material occurs at a less negative potential compared to reduction half-reactions of the multi-layer stack without the organic redox element.
4. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 3 , wherein the organic sequestration material is selected from the group consisting of n-haloalkanes, cyclic-haloalkanes, cyclic-haloalkenes, n-haloalkenes, haloethers, haloacetones, haloketones, haloesters, halocarbonates, and halophosphates.
5. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 3 , wherein the reduction of the organic sequestration material occurs at a potential from −0.8 V to −1.0 V, and the reduction half-reactions of the multi-layer stack without the organic redox element begin at a potential from −1.0 V to −1.4 V.
6. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 1 , wherein:
the first electrode layer comprises Prussian blue;
the second electrode layer comprises a tungsten metal oxide; and
the oxidation of the organic sequestration material occurs at a more positive potential compared to oxidation half-reactions of the multi-layer stack without the organic redox element.
7. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 6 , wherein the organic sequestration material is selected from the group consisting of dimethoxybenzene derivatives, benzene derivatives, and anisole derivatives.
8. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 1 , wherein the ion conductor layer comprises a polymer material.
9. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 1 , wherein:
the ion conductor layer is deposited using solution coating from a precursor solution; and
the precursor solution comprises the organic sequestration material.
10. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 1 , wherein the ion conductor layer is in ionic communication with the first and second electrode layers, and with the first electrically conductive layer.
11. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 1 , further comprising a second redox element comprising a second sequestration material and an auxiliary electrode material, wherein the second redox element is electrically isolated from the first and second electrically conductive layers and the first and second electrode layers.
12. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 11 , wherein the second redox element is laterally adjacent to either the first electrically conductive layer and the first electrode layer, or the second electrically conductive layer and the second electrode layer.
13. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 11 , wherein the auxiliary electrode comprises the same material as the first or second electrically conductive layer.
14. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 11 , wherein the second sequestration material is selected from the group consisting of a fluorocarbon, CF x where x is from 0.95 to 1.15, a sulfide, an oxide, a fluorosulfate, a phosphate, lithium iron phosphate, a metal, a metal alloy, or a polymer.
15. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 11 , wherein the second sequestration material is from 2 to 20 times thicker than either the first electrode layer or the second electrode layer.
16. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 1 , wherein the first electrically conductive layer, or the second electrically conductive layer, or both the first and the second electrically conductive layers have spatially varying properties.
17. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 16 , wherein the first electrically conductive layer, or the second electrically conductive layer, or both the first and the second electrically conductive layers comprise an ablated pattern and a non-linear resistance as a function of distance.
18. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 1 , wherein the multi-layer stack is incorporated in an electrochromic device comprising a more optically transmissive state and a less optically transmissive state, and the photopic transmittance ratio of the more optically transmissive state to the less optically transmissive state is from 5:1 to 30:1.
19. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 1 , wherein the multi-layer stack is incorporated in an electrochromic device that is implemented as an insulated glass unit (IGU).
20. The electrochromic multi-layer stack of claim 1 , wherein the multi-layer stack is incorporated in an electrochromic device that is implemented as an architectural window.