Methods and systems for reducing sound sensitivities and improving auditory processing, behavioral state regulation and social engagement behaviors
Various embodiments are described herein to reduce sound sensitivities, improve state regulation, and/or reduce auditory processing and social engagement deficits in individuals with such deficiencies by recruiting the anti-masking functions of the middle ear muscles in order to optimize the transfer function of the middle ear for the processing of human speech. In certain embodiments, an individual may be subjected to a training protocol comprising one or more training sessions. During each training session, acoustic stimuli are provided to a subject for a period of time, with or without accompanying visual stimulation. A user response may be determined, for example, before beginning the protocol, during a session, after a session, and/or upon completion of the protocol. Such user response may be employed to adjust the acoustic stimulation, and the adjusted acoustic stimulation may be provided to the subject during a subsequent training session (or at a subsequent time within the same training session). The training protocol may end after a predetermined number of training sessions or upon achieving a desired user response. The training session may be characterized by a fixed protocol during which continuous stimulation is presented for a fixed period of time or by an interactive protocol during which the stimulation presentation is dependent on the reactions of the subject.
1. A method comprising:
transmitting acoustic stimuli to a subject during a first session, the acoustic stimuli comprising an acoustic input signal processed according to processing parameters comprising:
a first frequency modulation cycle comprising:
a first initial modulation comprising:
a first initial low-frequency limit of from about 600 Hz to about 900 Hz; and
a first initial high-frequency limit of from about 1,400 Hz to about 2,000 Hz;
a first widest modulation comprising:
a first minimum low-frequency limit that is lower than the first initial low-frequency limit; and
a first maximum high-frequency limit that is higher than the first initial high-frequency limit; and
a first final modulation comprising:
a first final low-frequency limit of from about 600 Hz to about 900 Hz; and
a first final high-frequency limit of from about 1,400 Hz to about 2,000 Hz; and
a second frequency modulation cycle comprising:
a second initial modulation comprising:
a second initial low-frequency limit of from about 600 Hz to about 900 Hz; and
a second initial high-frequency limit of from about 1,400 Hz to about 2,000 Hz;
a second widest modulation comprising:
a second minimum low-frequency limit that is lower than the second initial low-frequency limit; and
a second maximum high-frequency limit that is higher than the second initial high-frequency limit; and
a second final modulation comprising:
a second final low-frequency limit of from about 600 Hz to about 900 Hz; and
a second final high-frequency limit of from about 1,400 Hz to about 2,000 Hz,
wherein the second minimum low-frequency limit is lower than the first minimum low-frequency limit and/or the second maximum high-frequency limit is higher than the first maximum high-frequency limit;
determining characteristics information pertaining to the subject, the characteristics information relating to one or more of: auditory processing, sound sensitivity, spontaneous behavior, behavioral state, behavioral state regulation, social engagement, autonomic state, autonomic state regulation, usage of one or more facial muscles, usage of one or more head-turning muscles, usage of one or more middle-ear muscles, cognitive ability, pain level, anxiety level, calmness level, blood sugar level, one or more acoustic properties of vocalizations, respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, blood pressure variability, vascular tone, heart rate variability (“HRV”), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (“RSA”), and a middle-ear transfer function; and
determining, based on the characteristics information, that the subject has experienced a user response selected from the group consisting of: improved auditory processing, reduced sound sensitivity, improved behavioral state regulation, improved social engagement, improved autonomic state regulation, reduced pain level, reduced anxiety level, increased calmness level, improved vagal regulation of a heart, and improved functionality of the subject's middle-ear transfer function.
2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein:
the acoustic stimuli causes a vagus nerve of the subject to be stimulated; and
the user response comprises the improved vagal regulation of the subject's heart.
3. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the characteristics information is received, measured or determined during said transmitting.
4. A method according to claim 3 , wherein one or more of the processing parameters is determined or adjusted based on the characteristics information.
5. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the acoustic input signal comprises one or more of human speech, human singing, instrumental music and synthesized music.
6. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the acoustic stimuli is monophonic.
7. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the acoustic stimuli is stereophonic.
8. A method according to claim 7 , wherein:
the acoustic stimuli comprises:
a first channel comprising human vocalization; and
a second channel that does not comprise human vocalization; and
said transmitting the acoustic stimuli comprises:
transmitting the first channel to a first ear of the subject; and
transmitting the second channel to a second ear of the subject.
9. A method according to claim 7 , wherein:
the acoustic stimuli comprises:
a first channel comprising a first loudness; and
a second channel comprising a second loudness that is different than the first loudness; and
said transmitting the acoustic stimuli comprises:
transmitting the first channel to a first ear of the subject; and
transmitting the second channel to a second ear of the subject.
10. A method according to claim 1 , wherein:
the first initial low-frequency limit is about 800 Hz;
the first initial high-frequency limit is about 1,500 Hz;
the first final low-frequency limit is about 800 Hz; and
the first final high-frequency limit is about 1,500 Hz.
11. A method according to claim 10 , wherein:
the second initial low-frequency limit is about 800 Hz;
the second initial high-frequency limit is about 1,500 Hz;
the second final low-frequency limit is about 800 Hz; and
the second final high-frequency limit is about 1,500 Hz.
12. A method according to claim 1 , wherein:
each of the first and second minimum low-frequency limits comprises a frequency of from about 200 Hz to about 550 Hz; and
each of the first and second maximum high-frequency limits comprises a frequency of from about 2,500 Hz to about 5,000 Hz.
13. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the acoustic stimuli comprises a peak sound pressure level of about 70 dB.
14. A method according to claim 1 , wherein each of the first initial modulation, first widest modulation, first final modulation, second initial modulation, second widest modulation and second final modulation comprises a duration of from about 5 seconds to about 60 seconds.
15. A method according to claim 1 , wherein each of the first and second frequency modulation cycles comprises a duration of from about 60 seconds to about 300 seconds.
16. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the first session comprises a duration of from about 10 minutes to about 90 minutes.
17. A method according to claim 16 , wherein the first session comprises a duration of from about 45 minutes to about 60 minutes.
18. A method according to claim 16 , wherein the first session comprises a duration of from about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes.
19. A method according to claim 1 , further comprising:
transmitting non-acoustic stimuli to the subject during the first session,
wherein the non-acoustic stimuli is selected from the group consisting of visual stimuli and tactile stimuli.
20. A method according to claim 19 , wherein the non-acoustic stimuli is synchronized with the acoustic stimuli.
21. A method according to claim 19 , wherein:
the non-acoustic stimuli comprises visual stimuli; and
the visual stimuli comprises a virtual reality environment.
22. A method according to claim 1 , further comprising:
transmitting second acoustic stimuli to the subject during a second session, the second acoustic stimuli comprising a second acoustic input signal processed according to second processing parameters comprising a plurality of frequency modulation cycles,
wherein at least one of the frequency modulation cycles of the second processing parameters comprises a bandwidth that is wider or narrower than any bandwidth associated with any of the modulation cycles of the processing parameters of the first session.
23. A method according to claim 22 , wherein:
the first session comprises a duration of from about 10 minutes to about 90 minutes; and
the second session comprises a duration of from about 10 minutes to about 90 minutes.
24. A method according to claim 23 , wherein the duration of the first session is from about 45 minutes to about 60 minutes.
25. A method according to claim 24 , wherein the duration of the second session is from about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes.
26. A method according to claim 23 , wherein the duration of the second session is determined based on the characteristics information.
27. A method according to claim 22 , wherein the second processing parameters are determined based on the characteristics information.
28. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the subject is a non-human subject.
29. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the processing parameters further comprise one or more modulations relating to volume.
30. A system comprising:
a measurement device adapted to:
determine characteristics information relating to a subject; and
transmit the characteristics information to one or more other devices; and
an audio processing device in communication with the measurement device, the audio processing device adapted to:
receive the characteristics information from the measurement device;
determine processing parameters based on the characteristics information, the processing parameters comprising:
a first frequency modulation cycle comprising:
a first initial modulation comprising:
a first initial low-frequency limit of from about 600 Hz to about 900 Hz; and
a first initial high-frequency limit of from about 1,400 Hz to about 2,000 Hz;
a first widest modulation comprising:
a first minimum low-frequency limit that is lower than the first initial low-frequency limit; and
a first maximum high-frequency limit that is higher than the first initial high-frequency limit; and
a first final modulation comprising:
a first final low-frequency limit of from about 600 Hz to about 900 Hz; and
a first final high-frequency limit of from about 1,400 Hz to about 2,000 Hz; and
a second frequency modulation cycle comprising:
a second initial modulation comprising:
a second initial low-frequency limit of from about 600 Hz to about 900 Hz; and
a second initial high-frequency limit of from about 1,400 Hz to about 2,000 Hz;
a second widest modulation comprising:
a second minimum low-frequency limit that is lower than the second initial low-frequency limit; and
a second maximum high-frequency limit that is higher than the second initial high-frequency limit; and
a second final modulation comprising:
a second final low-frequency limit of from about 600 Hz to about 900 Hz; and
a second final high-frequency limit of from about 1,400 Hz to about 2,000 Hz,
wherein the second minimum low-frequency limit is lower than the first minimum low-frequency limit and/or the second maximum high-frequency limit is higher than the first maximum high-frequency limit;
process an acoustic input signal according to the processing parameters to generate acoustic stimuli; and
transmit the acoustic stimuli to the subject during a session.
31. A system according to claim 30 , wherein:
the measurement device comprises an ear probe adapted to be placed within an ear of the subject, the ear probe comprising a speaker and a microphone; and
the characteristics information relates to a middle-ear transfer function of the subject.
32. A system according to claim 30 , wherein:
the measurement device comprises one or more of a blood pressure sensor, a photoplethysmogram (“PPG”) sensor, and an electrocardiogram (“ECG”) sensor; and
the characteristics information relates to one or more of respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, vascular tone, HRV, and RSA.
33. A system according to claim 30 , wherein:
the measurement device comprises:
a display displaying a user interface; and
an input device;
the measurement device is adapted to receive the characteristics information from the subject or a user via the input device; and
the characteristics information relates to one or more of auditory processing, sound sensitivity, spontaneous behavior, behavioral state, behavioral state regulation, social engagement behavior, autonomic state, autonomic state regulation, usage of one or more facial muscles, usage of one or more head-turning muscles, middle-ear transfer function, calmness level, cognitive function, pain level, anxiety level, and one or more acoustic properties of vocalizations.
34. A system according to claim 30 , further comprising:
a listening device in communication with the audio processing device, the listening device adapted to:
receive the acoustic stimuli from the audio processing device; and
output the acoustic stimuli to the subject.
35. A system according to claim 34 , wherein the listening device comprises headphones or one or more external speakers.
36. A system according to claim 30 , further comprising a video output device adapted to transmit visual stimuli to the subject.
37. A system according to claim 36 , wherein:
the video output device is further adapted to generate the acoustic input signal;
the audio processing device is further adapted to receive the acoustic input signal.
38. A system according to claim 36 , wherein:
the video output device comprises a virtual reality device; and
the visual stimuli comprises a virtual reality environment.
39. An apparatus comprising:
one or more sensors adapted to determine characteristics information pertaining to a subject, the characteristics information relating to one or more of respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, HRV, RSA, vascular tone, facial muscles, one or more acoustic properties of vocalizations, and middle-ear transfer function;
an audio processor adapted to:
receive the characteristics information from the one or more sensors;
determine processing parameters based on the characteristics information, the processing parameters comprising:
a first frequency modulation cycle comprising:
a first initial modulation comprising:
a first initial low-frequency limit of from about 600 Hz to about 900 Hz; and
a first initial high-frequency limit of from about 1,400 Hz to about 2,000 Hz;
a first widest modulation comprising:
a first minimum low-frequency limit that is lower than the first initial low-frequency limit; and
a first maximum high-frequency limit that is higher than the first initial high-frequency limit; and
a first final modulation comprising:
a first final low-frequency limit of from about 600 Hz to about 900 Hz; and
a first final high-frequency limit of from about 1,400 Hz to about 2,000 Hz; and
a second frequency modulation cycle comprising:
a second initial modulation comprising:
a second initial low-frequency limit of from about 600 Hz to about 900 Hz; and
a second initial high-frequency limit of from about 1,400 Hz to about 2,000 Hz;
a second widest modulation comprising:
a second minimum low-frequency limit that is lower than the second initial low-frequency limit; and
a second maximum high-frequency limit that is higher than the second initial high-frequency limit; and
a second final modulation comprising:
a second final low-frequency limit of from about 600 Hz to about 900 Hz; and
a second final high-frequency limit of from about 1,400 Hz to about 2,000 Hz,
wherein the second minimum low-frequency limit is lower than the first minimum low-frequency limit and/or the second maximum high-frequency limit is higher than the first maximum high-frequency limit; and
process an acoustic input signal according to the processing parameters to generate acoustic stimuli; and
an output transducer adapted to transmit the acoustic stimuli to the subject.