PWM capacitor control
Methods, systems, and devices for controlling a variable capacitor. One aspect features a variable capacitance device that includes a capacitor, a first transistor, a second transistor, and control circuitry. The control circuitry is configured to adjust an effective capacitance of the capacitor by performing operations including detecting a zero-crossing of an input current at a first time. Switching off the first transistor. Estimating a first delay period for switching the first transistor on when a voltage across the capacitor is zero. Switching on the first transistor after the first delay period from the first time. Detecting a zero-crossing of the input current at a second time. Switching off the second transistor. Estimating a second delay period for switching the second transistor on when a voltage across the capacitor is zero. Switching on the second transistor after the second delay period from the second time.
1. A variable capacitance device comprising:
a capacitor;
a first transistor comprising a first-transistor first terminal, a first-transistor second terminal, and a first-transistor gate terminal, the first-transistor first terminal electrically connected to a first terminal of the capacitor;
a second transistor comprising a second-transistor first terminal, a second-transistor second terminal, and a second-transistor a gate terminal, the second-transistor first terminal electrically connected to a second terminal of the capacitor, and the second-transistor second terminal electrically connected to the first-transistor second terminal; and
control circuitry coupled to the first-transistor gate terminal and the second-transistor gate terminal, wherein the control circuitry is configured to adjust an effective capacitance of the capacitor by performing operations comprising:
generating an alternating ramp signal having peaks and troughs that are timed to correspond with zero-crossings of an input current, and
switching off the first transistor in response to the ramp signal crossing a first reference value; and
switching on the first transistor following a fixed time delay after the ramp signal crosses the first reference value following a peak or trough in the ramp signal.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the first and second transistors are selected from the group consisting of: silicon MOSFET transistors, silicon carbide MOSFET transistors, or gallium nitride MOSFET transistors.
3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the capacitor is electrically connected to an impedance matching system.
4. The device of claim 1 , wherein operations comprise:
switching off the second transistor following a second fixed time delay after the ramp signal crosses a second reference value; and
switching on the second transistor in response to the ramp signal crossing the second reference value following a second peak or trough in the ramp signal.
5. A variable capacitance device comprising:
a capacitor;
a first transistor comprising a first-transistor first terminal, a first-transistor second terminal, and a first-transistor gate terminal, the first-transistor first terminal electrically connected to a first terminal of the capacitor;
a second transistor comprising a second-transistor first terminal, a second-transistor second terminal, and a second-transistor a gate terminal, the second-transistor first terminal electrically connected to a second terminal of the capacitor, and the second-transistor second terminal electrically connected to the first-transistor second terminal; and
control circuitry coupled to the first-transistor gate terminal and the second-transistor gate terminal, wherein the control circuitry is configured to adjust an effective capacitance of the capacitor by performing operations comprising:
generating an alternating ramp signal having peaks and troughs that are timed to correspond with zero-crossings of an input current,
switching off the first transistor in response to the ramp signal crossing a first reference value when the ramp signal has a first slope;
switching on the first transistor in response to the ramp signal crossing the first reference value when the ramp signal has a second slope;
switching off the second transistor in response to the ramp signal crossing a second reference value when the ramp signal has the second slope; and
switching on the second transistor in response to the ramp signal crossing the second reference value when the ramp signal has the first slope.
6. The device of claim 5 , wherein the effective capacitance of the capacitor is controlled by the first and second reference values.
7. The device of claim 5 , wherein the second reference value has a value that is the negative of the first reference value.
8. The device of claim 5 , wherein the operations comprise switching on the first transistor after the ramp signal crosses the first reference value and in response to a zero-voltage condition across the capacitor.
9. The device of claim 5 , wherein the first and second transistors are selected from the group consisting of: silicon MOSFET transistors, silicon carbide MOSFET transistors, or gallium nitride MOSFET transistors.
10. The device of claim 5 , wherein the capacitor is electrically connected to an impedance matching system.
11. A high-power wireless energy transfer system comprising:
a variable capacitance device comprising:
a capacitor;
a first transistor comprising a first-transistor first terminal, a first-transistor second terminal, and a first-transistor gate terminal, the first-transistor first terminal electrically connected to a first terminal of the capacitor;
a second transistor comprising a second-transistor first terminal, a second-transistor second terminal, and a second-transistor a gate terminal, the second-transistor first terminal electrically connected to a second terminal of the capacitor, and the second-transistor second terminal electrically connected to the first-transistor second terminal; and
control circuitry coupled to the first-transistor gate terminal and the second-transistor gate terminal, wherein the control circuitry is configured to adjust an effective capacitance of the capacitor by performing operations comprising:
generating an alternating ramp signal having peaks and troughs that are timed to correspond with zero-crossings of an input current, and
switching off the first transistor in response to the ramp signal crossing a first reference value; and
switching on the first transistor following a fixed time delay after the ramp signal crosses the first reference value following a peak or trough in the ramp signal; and
an inductive coil electrically coupled to the variable capacitance.
12. The system of claim 11 , wherein operations comprise:
switching off the second transistor following a second fixed time delay after the ramp signal crosses a second reference value; and
switching on the second transistor in response to the ramp signal crossing the second reference value following a second peak or trough in the ramp signal.
13. The system of claim 11 , wherein the first and second transistors are selected from the group consisting of: silicon MOSFET transistors, silicon carbide MOSFET transistors, or gallium nitride MOSFET transistors.
14. The system of claim 11 , wherein the capacitor is electrically connected to an impedance matching system.
15. A high-power wireless energy transfer system comprising:
a variable capacitance device comprising:
a capacitor;
a first transistor comprising a first-transistor first terminal, a first-transistor second terminal, and a first-transistor gate terminal, the first-transistor first terminal electrically connected to a first terminal of the capacitor;
a second transistor comprising a second-transistor first terminal, a second-transistor second terminal, and a second-transistor a gate terminal, the second-transistor first terminal electrically connected to a second terminal of the capacitor, and the second-transistor second terminal electrically connected to the first-transistor second terminal; and
control circuitry coupled to the first-transistor gate terminal and the second-transistor gate terminal, wherein the control circuitry is configured to adjust an effective capacitance of the capacitor by performing operations comprising:
generating an alternating ramp signal having peaks and troughs that are timed to correspond with zero-crossings of an input current,
switching off the first transistor in response to the ramp signal crossing a first reference value when the ramp signal has a first slope;
switching on the first transistor in response to the ramp signal crossing the first reference value when the ramp signal has a second slope;
switching off the second transistor in response to the ramp signal crossing a second reference value when the ramp signal has the second slope; and
switching on the second transistor in response to the ramp signal crossing the second reference value when the ramp signal has the first slope; and
an inductive coil electrically coupled to the variable capacitance.
16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the second reference value has a value that is the negative of the first reference value.
17. The system of claim 15 , wherein the first and second transistors are selected from the group consisting of: silicon MOSFET transistors, silicon carbide MOSFET transistors, or gallium nitride MOSFET transistors.
18. The system of claim 15 , wherein the capacitor is electrically connected to an impedance matching system.
19. The system of claim 15 , wherein the second reference value has a value that is the negative of the first reference value.
20. The system of claim 15 , wherein the operations comprise switching on the first transistor after the ramp signal crosses the first reference value and in response to a zero-voltage condition across the capacitor.