Electrochromic films and related methods thereof
EC film stacks and different layers within the EC film stacks are disclosed. Methods of manufacturing these layers are also disclosed. In one embodiment, an EC layer comprises nanostructured EC layer. These layers may be manufactured by various methods, including, including, but not limited to glancing angle deposition, oblique angle deposition, electrophoresis, electrolyte deposition, and atomic layer deposition. The nanostructured EC layers have a high specific surface area, improved response times, and higher color efficiency.
1. A method of forming an electro-chromic lens, the method comprising:
forming a uniform layer of an electro-chromic material comprising WO x where 2.7<x<2.9 on a lens blank or semi-finished lens blank;
exposing the lens blank or semi-finished lens blank to a first flux of the electro-chromic material traveling at a first angle of at least 1 degree and at most 89 degrees relative to a surface normal of the lens blank or semi-finished lens blank to form a first nano-columnar structured electro-chromic layer extending from the uniform layer;
wherein the forming and the exposing are by sputtering;
and
post-processing the lens blank or semi-finished lens blank after depositing the electro-chromic material, wherein the post-processing the lens blank or semi-finished lens blank comprises at least one of:
surfacing the lens blank or semi-finished lens blank according to a prescription of the electro-chromic lens;
edging the lens blank or semi-finished lens blank into a different shape; or
grooving the lens blank or semi-finished lens blank.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
exposing the lens blank or semi-finished lens blank to a second flux of the electro-chromic material traveling at a second angle of at least 1 degree and at most 89 degrees relative to a surface normal of the lens blank or semi-finished lens blank to form a second nano-columnar structured electro-chromic layer over the lens blank or semi-finished lens blank.
3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising:
depositing a second ion-conducting layer over the second nano-columnar structured electro-chromic layer.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
depositing a first ion-conducting layer over the first nano-columnar structured electro-chromic layer.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein exposing the lens blank or semi-finished lens blank to the first flux comprises glancing-angle deposition or oblique-angle deposition.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein post-processing the lens blank or semi-finished lens blank comprises surfacing the lens blank or semi-finished lens blank according to a prescription of the electro-chromic lens.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein post-processing the lens blank or semi-finished lens blank comprises edging the lens blank or semi-finished lens blank into a different shape.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein post-processing the lens blank or semi-finished lens blank comprises grooving the lens blank or semi-finished lens blank.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
applying a voltage equal to or less than 4 Volts to the electro-chromic lens, the voltage resulting in a dynamic response time of less than 30 seconds.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
applying a voltage equal to or less than 4 Volts to the electro-chromic lens, the voltage resulting in a coloration efficiency of greater than 50 cm 2 /C in the visible spectral range.