Systems and methods for determining kinetic parameters in dynamic positron emission tomography imaging

1. A system for imaging, comprising:

a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner configured to

perform scans of a subject injected with a tracer during a first time period, the tracer being injected into the subject at an injection time prior to the first time period; and

generate PET data based on the scans of the subject;

at least one storage device including a set of instructions; and

at least one processor in communication with the at least one storage device, wherein when executing the set of instructions, the at least one processor is directed to:

generate PET images based on the scans of the subject by reconstructing the PET data;

determine a first portion of a blood input function of the tracer in the subject based on the PET images, the first portion of the blood input function corresponding to the first time period;

determine, without determining a curve of a second portion of the blood input function, an integral of the second portion of the blood input function based on a kinetic model, the PET data, and the first portion of the blood input function, the second portion of the blood input function corresponding to a second time period from the injection time to a start time of the first time period; and

determine kinetic parameters of the kinetic model based on the PET data, the first portion of the blood input function, and the integral of the second portion of the blood input function, the kinetic parameters indicating a metabolism of the tracer in the subject.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein when executing the set of instructions, the at least one processor is directed to:

determine whether there is a lesion in the subject based on the kinetic parameters.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein to determine, without determining the curve of the second portion of the blood input function, the integral of the second portion of the blood input function based on the kinetic model, the PET data, and the first portion of the blood input function, the at least one processor is directed to:

determine a Patlak estimation based on the kinetic model;

determine a target function based on the Patlak estimation, the target function representing a relationship among the PET data generated during the first time period, the first portion of the blood input function, and the integral of the second portion of the blood input function; and

determine, without determining the curve of the second portion of the blood input function, the integral of the second portion of the blood input function based on the target function.

4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the integral of the second portion of the blood input function is determined based on a least squares (LS) algorithm.

5. The system of claim 3 , wherein the integral of the second portion of the blood input function is determined based on an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm.

6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the tracer is applicable to a two-tissue compartment model.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the tracer is an irreversible tracer.

8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the start time of the first time period is equal to a time point at which the distribution of the tracer in the subject is deemed to have reached a steady state.

9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the start time of the first time period is after a time point at which the distribution of the tracer in the subject is deemed to have reached a steady state.

10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the PET scanner performs the scans of the subject at a single bed position or at multiple bed positions.

11. A method for imaging implemented on a computing device having one or more processors and one or more storage devices, the method comprising:

directing a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner to perform scans of a subject injected with a tracer during a first time period, the tracer being injected into the subject at an injection time prior to the first time period;

generating PET images by reconstructing the PET data that are generated by the PET scanner based on the scans of the subject;

determining a first portion of a blood input function of the tracer in the subject based on the PET images, the first portion of the blood input function corresponding to the first time period;

determining, without determining a curve of a second portion of the blood input function, an integral of the second portion of the blood input function based on a kinetic model, the PET data, and the first portion of the blood input function, the second portion of the blood input function corresponding to a second time period from the injection time to a start time of the first time period; and

determining kinetic parameters of the kinetic model based on the PET data, the first portion of the blood input function, and the integral of the second portion of the blood input function, the kinetic parameters indicating a metabolism of the tracer in the subject.

12. The method of claim 11 , the method further comprising:

determining whether there is a lesion in the subject based on the kinetic parameters.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the determining of, without determining the curve of the second portion of the blood input function, the integral of the second portion of the blood input function based on the kinetic model, the PET data, and the first portion of the blood input function includes:

determining a Patlak estimation based on the kinetic model;

determining a target function based on the Patlak estimation, the target function representing a relationship among the PET data generated during the first time period, the first portion of the blood input function, and the integral of the second portion of the blood input function; and

determining, without determining the curve of the second portion of the blood input function, the integral of the second portion of the blood input function based on the target function.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the integral of the second portion of the blood input function is determined based on a least squares (LS) algorithm.

15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the integral of the second portion of the blood input function is determined based on an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm.

16. The method of claim 11 , wherein the tracer is applicable to a two-tissue compartment model.

17. The method of claim 11 , wherein the tracer is an irreversible tracer.

18. The method of claim 11 , wherein the start time of the first time period is equal to or after a time point at which the distribution of the tracer in the subject is deemed to have reached a steady state.

19. The method of claim 11 , wherein the PET scanner performs the scans of the subject at a single bed position or at multiple bed positions.

20. A non-transitory computer readable medium on which are stored instructions that, when executed, cause a programmable device to

direct a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner to perform scans of a subject injected with a tracer during a first time period, the tracer being injected into the subject at an injection time prior to the first time period;

generate PET images by reconstructing the PET data that are generated by the PET scanner based on the scans of the subject;

determine a first portion of a blood input function of the tracer in the subject based on the PET images, the first portion of the blood input function corresponding to the first time period;

determine, without determining a curve of a second portion of the blood input function, an integral of the second portion of the blood input function based on a kinetic model, the PET data, and the first portion of the blood input function, the second portion of the blood input function corresponding to a second time period from the injection time to a start time of the first time period; and

determine kinetic parameters of the kinetic model based on the PET data, the first portion of the blood input function, and the integral of the second portion of the blood input function, the kinetic parameters indicating a metabolism of the tracer in the subject.