Controlling transitions in optically switchable devices
Aspects of this disclosure concern controllers and control methods for applying a drive voltage to bus bars of optically switchable devices such as electrochromic devices. Such devices are often provided on windows such as architectural glass. In certain embodiments, the applied drive voltage is controlled in a manner that efficiently drives an optical transition over the entire surface of the electrochromic device. The drive voltage is controlled to account for differences in effective voltage experienced in regions between the bus bars and regions proximate the bus bars. Regions near the bus bars experience the highest effective voltage.
1. An apparatus for controlling an optical transition of an electrochromic device from a starting optical state to an ending optical state, the apparatus comprising:
a processor configured to:
(a) apply a drive voltage for driving the electrochromic device to transition from the starting optical state to the ending optical state, wherein the drive voltage is applied to bus bars of the electrochromic device;
(b) before the transition is complete, reduce the magnitude of the voltage applied to the bus bars to a magnitude less than the drive voltage;
(c) after reducing the magnitude of voltage applied to the bus bars, detect current or open circuit voltage in the electrochromic device;
(d) determine whether the current or open circuit voltage detected in (c) has a characteristic indicating that the optical transition is nearly complete by monitoring an extent of the optical transition via the detected current or open circuit voltage; and
(e) if it is determined in (d) that the optical transition is not yet nearly complete, increase the magnitude of the voltage applied to the bus bars to the drive voltage and apply the drive voltage for an additional duration of time; and
a power supply for providing at least voltage at defined magnitudes to the electrochromic device to control the optical transition.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to apply a hold voltage for holding the ending optical state if it is determined in (d) that the optical transition is nearly complete.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the processor is configured to reduce the voltage in (b) from the drive voltage to the hold voltage.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the processor is configured to determine whether the current or open circuit voltage detected in (c) has the characteristic indicating that the optical transition is nearly complete by determining whether the current in a particular direction drops below a threshold level.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the threshold level is 0 amps.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to repeat (b)-(d) at an interval of between about 5 seconds and 5 minutes.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to reduce the voltage in (b) at a defined time after applying the drive voltage in (a), the defined time being at most about 30 minutes.
8. An apparatus for controlling an optical transition of an electrochromic device from a starting optical state to an ending optical state, the apparatus comprising:
a processor configured to:
(a) apply a drive voltage or drive current for driving the electrochromic device to transition from the starting optical state to the ending optical state, wherein the drive voltage or drive current is applied to bus bars of the electrochromic device;
(b) detect current or open circuit voltage in the electrochromic device;
(c) determine whether the current or open circuit voltage detected in (b) has a characteristic indicating that the optical transition will complete within a target timeframe by monitoring an extent of the optical transition via the detected current or open circuit voltage; and
(d) if it is determined in (c) that the optical transition will not complete within the target timeframe, apply a modified drive voltage or a modified drive current, wherein the magnitude of the modified drive voltage or modified drive current is greater than the magnitude of the drive voltage or drive current, respectively, applied in (a); and
a power supply for providing the voltage or the at defined magnitudes to the electrochromic device to control the optical transition.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the processor is configured to apply the drive voltage or drive current if it is determined in (c) that the optical transition will complete within the target timeframe.
10. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the processor is configured to reduce the magnitude of the voltage or current applied to the bus bars to a magnitude less than the drive voltage or drive current in (b).
11. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the processor is configured to reduce the magnitude of the voltage or current applied to the bus bars at a defined time after applying the drive voltage or drive current in (a), the defined time being at most about 30 minutes.
12. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the processor is configured to determine whether the current or open circuit voltage detected in (b) has a characteristic indicating that the optical transition will complete within a target timeframe by determining whether the current or open circuit voltage is within a defined range.
13. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the processor is further configured to repeat (b)-(c).
14. An apparatus for controlling an optical transition of an electrochromic device from a starting optical state to an ending optical state, the apparatus comprising:
a processor configured to:
(a) apply a drive voltage for driving the electrochromic device to transition from the starting optical state to the ending optical state, wherein the drive voltage is applied to bus bars of the electrochromic device;
(b) before the transition is complete, reduce the magnitude of the voltage applied to the bus bars to a hold voltage;
(c) after reducing the magnitude of voltage applied to the bus bars, detect current or open circuit voltage in the electrochromic device;
(d) determine whether the current or open circuit voltage detected in (c) has a characteristic indicating that the optical transition is nearly complete by monitoring an extent of the optical transition via the detected current or open circuit voltage; and
(e) if it is determined in (d) that the optical transition is nearly complete, apply the hold voltage for holding the ending optical state, wherein the magnitude of the hold voltage is lower than the magnitude of the drive voltage; and
a power supply for providing at least voltage at defined magnitudes to the electrochromic device to control the optical transition.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the processor is configured to determine whether the current or open circuit voltage detected in (c) has the characteristic indicating that the optical transition is nearly complete by determining whether the current in a particular direction drops below a threshold level.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the threshold level is 0 amps.
17. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the processor is configured to repeat (b)-(d) at a frequency of between about 5 seconds and 5 minutes.
18. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the processor is configured to reduce the voltage in (b) at a defined time after applying the drive voltage in (a), the defined time being at most about 30 minutes.
19. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the processor is further configured to, after (d) and before (e),
(i) increase the magnitude of voltage applied to the bus bars to the drive voltage as a result of determining in (d) that the detected current does not have the characteristic indicating that the optical transition is nearly complete; and
(ii) repeat (b)-(d).