Handover for unmanned aerial vehicles
Techniques are described for improving handover performance in the context of UEs incorporated into unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, a.k.a., drones). A database is constructed that relates locations in a three-dimensional flying space to handover information that may include optimum scanning directions, optimum handover parameters, and/or optimum target cells to be monitored for possible handover.
1. An apparatus for a base station configured to operate as a serving cell for a user equipment (UE) configured as an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for operation in a three-dimensional (3D) region, the apparatus comprising:
a processor, wherein the processor is configured to cause the base station to:
decode location information received from the UE that indicates the UE's location in the 3D region as defined by longitude, latitude; and elevation coordinates;
compute a handover parameter set as a function of the location information, wherein the handover parameter set includes one or more preferred beamforming directions for the UE to use in scanning neighboring cells and measuring their link qualities for possible handover, wherein computing the handover parameter set includes querying a database that relates location information to one or more attributes that constitute the handover parameter set using the location information as a key, wherein the database is constructed by sampling the 3D region during a drone flight to learn the one or more preferred beamforming directions for the UE to use for a particular location;
encode the computed handover parameter set for transmission to the UE; and
encode flight control commands for transmission to the UE that route the UAV through the 3D region, wherein the encoded flight control commands are to route the UAV so as to reduce a number of handovers.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the handover parameter set is computed as a function of UAV orientation information received from the UE.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein one or more preferred beamforming directions for the UE to use is computed as a function of velocity of travel information received from the UE.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the computed handover parameter set further includes sweep angles for the one or more preferred beamforming directions for the UE to use.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the computed handover parameter set further includes a serving cell signal power threshold that commands the UE to measure signal powers from neighboring cells for purposes of handover evaluation when the signal power from the serving cell falls below the serving cell signal power threshold, wherein the serving cell signal power threshold is adaptively modified to avoid unwanted handovers.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the computed handover parameter set further includes a measurement frequency (MF) parameter that instructs the UE to measure signal powers from a target cell at a particular frequency when the signal power from the serving cell falls below the serving cell signal power threshold.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the computed handover parameter set further includes a handover margin (HOM) and a time-to-trigger (TTT) parameter that instructs the UE to transmit a measurement report requesting handover when a target cell's signal power exceeds the signal power of the serving cell by an amount corresponding to the HOM for a duration corresponding to the TTT parameter, wherein the HOM is adaptively modified to avoid unwanted handovers, wherein the TTT parameter is associated with an A3 event.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the computed handover parameter set further includes one or more regions where signal to interference and noise ratio (SINK) is below a threshold.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the processor is further configured to cause the base station to encode flight control commands for transmission to the UE that route the UAV through the 3D region by routing the UE to avoid the one or more regions where SINR is below the threshold.
10. An apparatus for a user equipment (UE) incorporated into an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), the apparatus comprising:
a processor, wherein the processor is configured to cause the UE to:
derive location information relating the UE's location in a defined three-dimensional geographic region from global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals, inertial navigation system signals, cellular network signals, or a combination thereof, wherein the derived location information indicates the UE's location in the defined three-dimensional geographic region as defined by longitude, latitude; and elevation coordinates;
compute a handover parameter set as a function of the location information, wherein the handover parameter set includes one or more preferred beamforming directions for the UE to use in scanning neighboring cells and measuring their link qualities for possible handover, wherein computing the handover parameter set includes querying a database that relates location information to one or more attributes that constitute the handover parameter set using the location information as a key, wherein the database is constructed by sampling the defined three-dimensional geographic region during a drone flight to learn the one or more preferred beamforming directions for the UE to use for a particular location;
encode flight control commands that route the UAV through the defined three-dimensional geographic region, wherein the encoded flight control commands route the UAV to reduce a number of handovers; and
control the directionality of a directional antenna in accordance with the one or more preferred beamforming directions for the UE to use.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the processor is further configured to derive UAV orientation information and compute the handover parameter set as a function of the UAV orientation information.
12. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the computed handover parameter set further includes sweep angles for the one or more preferred beamforming directions for the UE to use.
13. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the computed handover parameter set further includes a serving cell signal power threshold that commands the UE to measure signal powers from neighboring cells for purposes of handover evaluation when the signal power from the serving cell falls below the serving cell signal power threshold, wherein the serving cell signal power threshold is adaptively modified to avoid unwanted handovers.
14. The apparatus of claim 13 , wherein adaptively modifying the serving cell signal power threshold is based on location.
15. The apparatus of claim 13 , wherein adaptively modifying the serving cell signal power threshold is based on route.
16. The apparatus of claim 13 , wherein adaptively modifying the serving cell signal power threshold is based on location.
17. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the processor is further configured to cause the UE to adaptively modify a route of the UAV to avoid drastic link quality changes.
18. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the drone flight is performed prior to the computation of the handover parameter.
19. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the one or more preferred beamforming directions for the UE to use is associated with one or more target base stations.
20. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the computed handover parameter set further includes one or more regions where signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) is below a threshold.
21. The apparatus of claim 20 , wherein the flight control commands route the UAV through the defined three-dimensional geographic region by routing the UE to avoid the one or more regions where SINR is below the threshold.
22. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions to cause a processor of a base station configured to operate as a serving cell for a user equipment (UE) configured as an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for operation in a three-dimensional (3D) region, upon execution of the instructions by the processor, to:
decode location information received from the UE that indicates the UE's location in the 3D region as defined by longitude, latitude; and elevation coordinates;
compute a handover parameter set as a function of the location information, wherein the handover parameter set includes one or more preferred beamforming directions for the UE to use in scanning neighboring cells and measuring their link qualities for possible handover, wherein computing the handover parameter set includes querying a database that relates location information to one or more attributes that constitute the handover parameter set using the location information as a key, wherein the database is constructed by sampling the 3D region during a drone flight to learn the one or more preferred beamforming directions for the UE to use for a particular location;
encode flight control commands for transmission to the UE that route the UAV through the 3D region, wherein the encoded flight control commands are to route the UAV so as to reduce a number of handovers; and
encode the computed handover parameter set for transmission to the UE.
23. The medium of claim 22 , wherein the computed handover set includes one or more cell identifications (IDs) that commands the UE to not use neighboring cells with cell IDs included in the handover parameter set as target cells to measure link qualities for purposes of handover evaluation.