Electroactive polymer devices, systems, and methods
An electroactive device may include a primary electrode, a secondary electrode overlapping at least a portion of the primary electrode, and a tertiary electrode overlapping at least a portion of the secondary electrode. The electroactive device may also include (i) a first electroactive polymer element including a first elastomer material disposed between and abutting the primary electrode and the secondary electrode, and (ii) a second electroactive polymer element including a second elastomer material disposed between and abutting the secondary electrode and the tertiary electrode. Various other devices, methods, and systems are also disclosed.
1. An electroactive device comprising:
a primary electrode;
a secondary electrode overlapping at least a portion of the primary electrode;
a tertiary electrode overlapping at least a portion of the secondary electrode;
a first electroactive polymer element comprising a first elastomer material disposed between and abutting the primary electrode and the secondary electrode; and
a second electroactive polymer element comprising a second elastomer material disposed between and abutting the secondary electrode and the tertiary electrode;
wherein:
the first elastomer material and the second elastomer material are each nanovoided materials comprising at least one of a silicone- or an acrylate-based polymer and having a Poisson's ratio of between approximately 0.1 and approximately 0.35;
the first electroactive polymer element is deformable from an initial state to a deformed state when a first voltage is applied between the primary electrode and the secondary electrode; and
the second electroactive polymer element is deformable, in conjunction with deformation of the first electroactive polymer element, from an initial state to a deformed state when a second voltage is applied between the secondary electrode and the tertiary electrode.
2. The electroactive device of claim 1 , wherein:
the first electroactive polymer element has a maximum thickness in an undeformed state and a compressed thickness in the deformed state; and
the second electroactive polymer element has a maximum thickness in an undeformed state and a compressed thickness in the deformed state.
3. The electroactive device of claim 2 , wherein:
the first elastomer material has a density, when the first electroactive polymer element is in the undeformed state, that is approximately 90% or less of a density of the first elastomer material when the first electroactive polymer element is in the deformed state; and
the second elastomer material has a density, when the second electroactive polymer element is in the undeformed state, that is approximately 90% or less of a density of the second elastomer material when the second electroactive polymer element is in the deformed state.
4. The electroactive device of claim 1 , wherein:
the first elastomer material compresses when a voltage is applied between the primary electrode and the secondary electrode; and
the second elastomer material compresses when a voltage is applied between the secondary electrode and the tertiary electrode.
5. The electroactive device of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first electroactive polymer element or the second electroactive polymer element comprises particles of a material having a high dielectric constant, the particles having an average diameter between approximately 10 nm and 1000 nm.
6. The electroactive device of claim 5 , wherein the material having the high dielectric constant comprises barium titanate.
7. The electroactive device of claim 1 , further comprising:
a primary common electrode electrically coupled to the primary electrode and the tertiary electrode; and
a secondary common electrode electrically coupled to the secondary electrode.
8. The electroactive device of claim 1 , further comprising:
at least one additional electroactive polymer element disposed on a side of the tertiary electrode opposite the second electroactive polymer element, the at least one additional electroactive polymer element overlapping the first electroactive polymer element and the second electroactive polymer element; and
at least one additional electrode, wherein each of the at least one additional electrode is disposed abutting a surface of one of the at least one additional electroactive polymer element that faces away from the second electroactive polymer element.
9. The electroactive device of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first elastomer material or the second elastomer material comprises a siloxane polymer.
10. The electroactive device of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first elastomer material or the second elastomer material comprises a polydimethylsiloxane polymer.
11. The electroactive device of claim 1 , wherein the Poisson's ratio is an effective Poisson's ratio referring to the negative of the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain of the first elastomer material or the second elastomer material.
12. The electroactive device of claim 1 , wherein the nanovoided material defines a plurality of voids having diameters of between approximately 10 nm and approximately 1000 nm.