Inverted brayton cycle heat engine
An apparatus ( 2 ) includes an internal combustion engine ( 4 ) and an inverted Brayton cycle heat engine ( 6 ). Hot exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine ( 4 ) contains water. The hot exhaust gas drives the inverted Brayton cycle heat engine. A condenser ( 22 ) in a fluid path of the exhaust gas between an inverted-Brayton-cycle turbine and an inverted-Brayton-cycle compressor condenses at least some of the water from the exhaust gas to form condensed water. This condensed water follows a recirculation path ( 30 ) so as to be re-introduced as a working fluid into one or more of the heat engines described above, or further heat engines, e.g. the condensed water is heated by the exhaust gas using a steam-generating heat exchanger ( 20 ) to generate steam which drives a steam turbine ( 32 ).
1. An apparatus comprising:
a plurality of heat engines each operating using a respective heat engine cycle, at least one of said plurality of heat engines combusting a fuel and generating exhaust gas comprising water as a combustion product, said plurality of heat engines including an inverted Brayton cycle heat engine having an inverted-Brayton-cycle turbine driven by said exhaust gas and an inverted-Brayton-cycle compressor driven by said inverted-Brayton-cycle turbine to receive and to compress said exhaust gas from said Inverted-Brayton-cycle turbine,
a condenser located in a fluid path of said exhaust gas between said inverted-Brayton-cycle turbine and said inverted-Brayton-cycle compressor to condense at least some of said water from said exhaust gas to form condensed water,
wherein the condenser is supplied with a circulating flow of coolant, wherein the circulating flow of coolant is separate from the fluid path of said exhaust gas and forms a closed loop path, and
wherein said plurality of heat engines comprise a steam driven heat engine and a recirculation path supplying at least some of said condensed water to a steam-generating heat exchanger to transfer heat to said condensed water to generate steam to drive said steam driven heat engine, wherein exhaust steam exiting said steam driven heat engine is supplied as at least part of a working fluid of at least one of said one or more heat engines, wherein said exhaust steam is supplied into said exhaust gas flowing between said inverted-Brayton-cycle turbine and said inverted-Brayton-cycle compressor upstream of the inverted-Brayton-cycle compressor and downstream of the steam-generating heat exchanger.
2. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the recirculation path supplies at least some of said condensed water as at least part of a working fluid of at least one of said plurality of heat engines.
3. An apparatus as claimed in claim 2 , wherein said recirculation path supplies at least some of said condensed water as part of an intake fluid driving said inverted-Brayton-cycle turbine.
4. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said plurality of heat engines comprise an internal combustion engine to combust said fuel and to generate said exhaust gas.
5. An apparatus as claimed in claim 2 , wherein said recirculation path supplies at least some of said condensed water as part of an intake fluid of a heat engine cycle of said internal combustion engine.
6. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said steam driven heat engine is a steam turbine.
7. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said steam-generating heat exchanger transfers heat from combusting said fuel to said condensed water.
8. An apparatus as claimed in claim 7 , wherein said steam-generating heat exchanger transfers heat to said condensed water from exhaust gas flowing in said fluid path of said exhaust gas between said inverted-Brayton-cycle turbine and said inverted-Brayton-cycle compressor.
9. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said inverted-Brayton-cycle turbine and said inverted-Brayton-cycle compressor are mounted on a common drive shaft.
10. An apparatus as claimed in claim 9 , wherein said common drive shaft drives an electrical generator.
11. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said inverted-Brayton-cycle turbine and said inverted-Brayton-cycle compressor are mounted on a common drive shaft, and said steam driven heat engine is mounted on said common shaft.
12. An apparatus as claimed in claim 4 , wherein said inverted-Brayton-cycle turbine and said inverted-Brayton-cycle compressor are mounted on a common drive shaft, and said internal combustion engine comprises a turbo charger having a turbo charger compressor and a turbo charger turbine mounted on said common shaft.
13. An apparatus comprising:
a plurality of heat engine means for converting heat to work each operating using a respective heat engine cycle, at least one of said plurality of heat engine means combusting a fuel and generating exhaust gas comprising water as a combustion product, said plurality of heat engine means including an inverted Brayton cycle heat engine means having an inverted-Brayton-cycle turbine means driven by said exhaust for driving an inverted-Brayton-cycle compressor means for receiving and compressing said exhaust gas from said Inverted-Brayton-cycle turbine,
condenser means located in a fluid path of said exhaust gas between said inverted-Brayton-cycle turbine and said inverted-Brayton-cycle compressor for condensing at least some of said water from said exhaust gas to form condensed water,
wherein the condenser is supplied with a circulating flow of coolant, wherein the circulating flow of coolant is separate from the fluid path of said exhaust gas and forms a closed loop path, and
wherein said plurality of heat engines comprise a steam driven heat engine and a recirculation path supplying at least some of said condensed water to a steam-generating heat exchanger to transfer heat to said condensed water to generate steam to drive said steam driven heat engine, wherein exhaust steam exiting said steam driven heat engine is supplied as at least part of a working fluid of at least one of said one or more heat engines, wherein said exhaust steam is supplied into said exhaust gas flowing between said inverted-Brayton-cycle turbine and said inverted-Brayton-cycle compressor upstream of the inverted-Brayton-cycle compressor and downstream of the steam-generating heat exchanger.
14. A method operating heat engines comprising:
combusting a fuel and generating exhaust gas comprising water as a combustion product within at least one heat engine;
driving an inverted-Brayton-cycle turbine with said exhaust gas and driving an inverted-Brayton-cycle compressor with said inverted-Brayton-cycle turbine to receive and to compress said exhaust gas from said Inverted-Brayton-cycle turbine,
at a location in a fluid path of said exhaust gas between said inverted-Brayton-cycle turbine and said inverted-Brayton-cycle compressor, condensing at least some of said water from said exhaust gas to form condensed water,
wherein the condenser is supplied with a circulating flow of coolant, wherein the circulating flow of coolant is separate from the fluid path of said exhaust gas and forms a closed loop path, and
wherein said plurality of heat engines comprise a steam driven heat engine and a recirculation path supplying at least some of said condensed water to a steam-generating heat exchanger to transfer heat to said condensed water to generate steam to drive said steam driven heat engine, wherein exhaust steam exiting said steam driven heat engine is supplied as at least part of a working fluid of at least one of said one or more heat engines, wherein said exhaust steam is supplied into said exhaust gas flowing between said inverted-Brayton-cycle turbine and said inverted-Brayton-cycle compressor upstream of the inverted-Brayton-cycle compressor and downstream of the steam-generating heat exchanger.