Methods of immunogenic modulation
Ex vivo determination of increased tumor immunogenicity of a tumor biopsy is used as a guide to identify immunotherapy of a tumor in a patient. Most preferably, the ex vivo tests will include exposure of biopsy samples to stress conditions to produce pretreated tumor cells that are then assayed with immune competent cells for increased activation or activity. Test conditions include exposure of the biopsy samples to immune stimulatory compositions, antibodies against neoepitopes, and/or modified cells, and an increase of immunogenicity is preferably determined by their exposure to T cells and/or NK cells.
1. A method of identifying a treatment option for a cancer patient, the method comprising:
obtaining a biopsy sample from a tumor of the cancer patient, dividing the biopsy sample into a plurality of biopsy samples, and ex vivo exposing each of the plurality of biopsy samples to distinct stress conditions to produce respective pretreated tumor cells, wherein the stress conditions are selected from the group consisting of a low-dose chemotherapy, exposure to a native or genetically modified T-cell, exposure to a native or genetically modified Natural Killer (NK) cell, exposure to an antibody, and an environmental stress condition;
contacting each of the pretreated tumor cells with a plurality of immune competent cells;
quantifying a response of the immune competent cells to each of the pretreated tumor cells; and
selecting from the stress condition a treatment option when the response to the selected stress condition meets or exceeds a predetermined threshold rate of lysis or apoptosis of the pretreated tumor cells.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the low-dose chemotherapy comprises a metronomic low-dose chemotherapy.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the environmental stress condition is selected from the group consisting of a DNA damaging agent, a heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor, a glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inhibitor, and a virus infection.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pretreated tumor cells overexpress natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) ligand relative to the same cell without exposure to the stress condition.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising a step of exposing at least one of the plurality of biopsy samples to an immune stimulant, wherein the immune stimulant is coadministered with the at least one stress condition.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the immune stimulant is a cytokine.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the cytokine is selected from the group consisting of IL-15, IL-15 superagonist, IL-2, IL-7, and IL-21.
8. The method of claim 5 , wherein the immune stimulant is a Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand.
9. The method of claim 5 , wherein the immune stimulant is a checkpoint inhibitor.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising a step of determining a plurality of neoepitopes for the biopsy sample.
11. The method of claim 10 , further comprising a step of generating an antibody against at least one of the plurality of neoepitopes.
12. The method of claim 10 , further comprising a step of generating a viral vector that contains a recombinant nucleic acid that encodes at least one of the plurality of neoepitopes, and contacting the immune competent cells with the viral vector.
13. The method of claim 10 , further comprising a step of determining a second plurality of neoepitopes for the pretreated tumor cells.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of quantifying the response of the immune competent cells comprises a microscopic assay, a luminescent assay, a fluorescent assay, or a radiological assay.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined threshold is a predetermined rate of lysis or the rate of apoptosis of the pretreated tumor cells is less than 10% of all cells in the tissue.