Modified
The present invention generally relates to the field of biotechnology as it applies to the production of aryl sulfates using recombinant host cells. More particularly, the present invention pertains to recombinant host cells comprising (e.g., expressing) a polypeptide having aryl sulfotransferase activity, wherein said recombinant host cells have been modified to have an increased uptake of sulfate compared to identical host cells that does not carry said modification. Further provided are processes for the production of aryl sulfates, such as zosteric acid, employing such recombinant host cells.
1. An Escherichia coli bacterium comprising a heterologous polypeptide having an aryl sulfotransferase activity; wherein the bacterium has been modified to have an increased protein expression of a CysP transporter, an ATP sulfurylase, an APS kinase and a PAP phosphatase compared to an identical bacterium that does not carry said modifications;
wherein the polypeptide having an aryl sulfotransferase activity comprises an amino acid sequence which has at least 95% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 6, 7, 8 or 13;
wherein the CysP transporter comprises an amino acid sequence which has at least 95% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27;
wherein the ATP sulfurylase comprises i) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence which has at least 95% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 28, and ii) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence which has at least 95% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 29;
wherein the APS kinase comprises an amino acid sequence which has at least 95% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 32; and
wherein the PAP phosphatase comprises an amino acid sequence which has at least 95% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 37 and wherein said Escherichia coli bacterium is capable of enhanced sulfation of a phenolic compound compared to the identical Escherichia coli bacterium, which does not have an increased expression of said CysP transporter, ATP sulfurylase, APS kinase and a PAP phosphatase.
2. A process for the production of a sulfated phenolic compound comprising:
(i′) contacting a medium comprising a phenolic compound with a bacterium according to claim 1 ; or
(i″) contacting a medium comprising a fermentable carbon substrate with a bacterium according to claim 1 such that a phenolic compound is produced from the fermentable carbon substrate by the bacterium; or
(i′″) contacting a medium comprising a precursor of a phenolic compound with a bacterium according to claim 1 , the precursor being converted to the phenolic compound by the bacterium.
3. The bacterium according to claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide having an aryl sulfotransferase activity comprises an amino acid sequence which has at least 95% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
4. The bacterium according to claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide having an aryl sulfotransferase activity comprises an amino acid sequence which has at least 95% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6.
5. The bacterium according to claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide having an aryl sulfotransferase activity comprises an amino acid sequence which has at least 95% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7.
6. The bacterium according to claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide having an aryl sulfotransferase activity comprises an amino acid sequence which has at least 95% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8.
7. The bacterium according to claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide having an aryl sulfotransferase activity comprises an amino acid sequence which has at least 95% sequence identity with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13.
8. The bacterium according to claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide having an aryl sulfotransferase activity comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 6, 7, 8 or 13.
9. The bacterium according to claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide having an aryl sulfotransferase activity comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
10. The bacterium according to claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide having an aryl sulfotransferase activity comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6.
11. The bacterium according to claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide having an aryl sulfotransferase activity comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7.
12. The bacterium according to claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide having an aryl sulfotransferase activity comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8.
13. The bacterium according to claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide having an aryl sulfotransferase activity comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13.
14. The bacterium according to claim 1 , wherein the CysP transporter comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27.
15. The bacterium according to claim 1 , wherein the ATP sulfurylase comprises i) a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 28, and ii) a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 29.
16. The bacterium according to claim 1 , wherein the APS kinase comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 32.
17. The bacterium according to claim 1 , wherein the PAP phosphatase comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 37.
18. The bacterium according to claim 1 , wherein the phenolic compound is selected from p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-acetamidophenol, 3-hydroxy-4methoxycinnamic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)proprionic acid, vanillic acid, luteolin, apigenin, fisetin, sinapic acid, naringenin, 4-ethylphenol, 4-vinylphenol, 4-ethylguaiacol, 4-methylbelliferone, 4-nitrophenol, resveratrol, kaempferol, or methoxycinnamic acid.